{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:59:33Z","timestamp":1788303573386,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The subgingival microbiome plays a key role in the gingivitis development, but the impact of toothbrushing with toothpaste on the subgingival microbial composition is not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological safety and subgingival impact of a toothpaste containing CPC and cymenol, compared to a fluoride-based toothpaste, and assessed overall subgingival microbiome changes after 6\u00a0weeks of routine toothbrushing in patients with gingival inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A 6-week randomized clinical trial was conducted in patients with gingival inflammation allocated to the use of either a toothpaste with cetylpyridinium chloride and cymenol or a toothpaste with sodium monofluorophosphate. Subgingival samples were collected at baseline and after 6\u00a0weeks and processed using high-throughput sequencing technology (Miseq\u00ae). Diversity metrics were calculated and the microbiome composition was analyzed using PERMANOVA, ANOSIM and PERMDISP.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 116 samples from 60 patients were analyzed. No significant changes in diversity were observed in either group after 6\u00a0weeks. Among taxa with\u2009&gt;\u20091% abundance, the toothpaste with cetylpyridinium chloride and cymenol exhibited a higher reduction in <jats:italic>Aggregatibacter<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023) and a significant decrease in <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.030), while the toothpaste with sodium monofluorophosphate showed a significant increase in the phylum <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.033). The relative abundance of <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Prevotella intermedia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Tannerella forsythia<\/jats:italic> were not affected by either toothpaste (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The daily use of a CPC\/cymenol toothpaste was microbiologically safe, with no negative effects on the composition of the subgingival microbiome in patients with gingival inflammation, when compared to a fluoride-based toothpaste. The overall composition of the subgingival microbiome was not significantly affected by the daily use of either toothpaste after 6\u00a0weeks. In both groups, the observed changes affected mainly the low-abundance taxa.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Registration Number: ISRCTN17497809; Registration Date: 12\/07\/2023 (ISRCTN.org).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06159-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T12:34:48Z","timestamp":1748608488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of toothpaste use on the subgingival microbiome: a pilot randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7557-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Iniesta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7522-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviane","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7236-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florencia","family":"Laciar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9965-5768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Matesanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6293-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5554-2777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"69","key":"6159_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12104","volume":"2015","author":"J Meyle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meyle J, Chapple I. 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Functional changes in the oral microbiome after use of fluoride and arginine containing dentifrices: a metagenomic and metatranscriptomic study. 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Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr Sanz refers activities outside the submitted work, related to research contracts and lecture fees with Isdin, Dentaid and Sunstar. Dr Herrera has received personal fees from Oral-B, Straumman, Klockner, Dexcel, Dentaid, Colgate, as well as research grants from Dentaid, Kulzer, Lacer, Colgate, all outside the submitted work. ISDIN S.A. had no role in the execution, analysis, or interpretation of the present study. The authors confirm that these potential conflicts of interest do not influence the integrity or objectivity of the research findings presented in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"854"}}