{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:21:56Z","timestamp":1793319716523,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06252-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T10:13:01Z","timestamp":1748686381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparison of salivary statherin and beta-defensin-2 levels, oral health behaviors, and demographic factors in children with and without early childhood caries"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Koopaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faezeh Khajehreza","family":"Shahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshanak","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajad","family":"Kolahdooz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid Mardani","family":"Shahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Moshkbouy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"6252_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12783","volume":"31","author":"SE Uribe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uribe SE, Innes N, Maldupa I. The global prevalence of early childhood caries: a systematic review with meta-analysis using the WHO diagnostic criteria. Int J Pediatr Dent. 2021;31(6):817\u201330.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"6252_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-020-00237-z","volume":"16","author":"M Kazeminia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kazeminia M, Abdi A, Shohaimi S, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Salari N, Mohammadi M. Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children\u2019s worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Face Med. 2020;16:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05435-2","volume":"25","author":"S Thakur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thakur S, Sharma R, Singhal P, Chauhan D. Prevalence and determinants of early childhood caries among preschool children in district Shimla, North India: a cross -sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):168.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"6252_CR4","first-page":"261","volume":"44","author":"A Kotha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kotha A, Vemulapalli A, Mandapati SR, Aryal S. Prevalence, trends, and severity of early childhood caries in the united States: National health and nutritional examination survey data 2013 to 2018. Pediatr Dent. 2022;44(4):261\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02634-z","volume":"22","author":"S Shoaee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shoaee S, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Masinaei M, Sofi-Mahmudi A, Hessari H, Heydari M-H, Shamsoddin E, Parsaeian M, Ghasemian A, Larijani B. Trends in dental caries of deciduous teeth in Iran: a systematic analysis of the National and sub-national data from 1990 to 2017. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):634.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04790-w","volume":"24","author":"M El Tantawi","year":"2024","unstructured":"El Tantawi M, Attia D, Virtanen JI, Feldens CA, Schroth RJ, Al-Batayneh OB, Arheiam A. Fol\u00e1yan MnO: A scoping review of early childhood caries, poverty and the first sustainable development goal. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1029.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6252_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00157","volume":"5","author":"S Anil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anil S, Anand PS. Early childhood caries: prevalence, risk factors, and prevention. Front Pead. 2017;5:157.","journal-title":"Front Pead"},{"key":"6252_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbass MMS, Mahmoud SA, El Moshy S, Rady D, AbuBakr N, Radwan IA, Ahmed A, Abdou A, Al Jawaldeh A. The prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian children and adolescences and its association with age, socioeconomic status, dietary habits and other risk factors. A cross-sectional study. F1000Research 2019, 8:8.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17047.1"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"6252_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2298\/MPNS1512387J","volume":"68","author":"M Jevti\u0107","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jevti\u0107 M, Pantelinac J, Jovanovi\u0107-Ili\u0107 T, Petrovi\u0107 V, Grgi\u0107 O, Bla\u017ei\u0107 L. The role of nutrition in caries prevention and maintenance of oral health during pregnancy. Medicinski Pregled. 2015;68(11\u201312):387\u201393.","journal-title":"Medicinski Pregled"},{"issue":"4","key":"6252_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1159\/000527035","volume":"56","author":"A Ganesh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ganesh A, Muthu M, Padmanabhan R, Nuvvula S. Association of sleep-time feeding practices with early childhood caries: A case-control study. Caries Res. 2022;56(4):399\u2013406.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"6252_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2019.10.004","volume":"26","author":"B Branger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Branger B, Camelot F, Droz D, Houbiers B, Marchalot A, Bruel H, Laczny E, Clement C. Breastfeeding and early childhood caries. Review of the literature, recommendations, and prevention. Archives De P\u00e9diatrie. 2019;26(8):497\u2013503.","journal-title":"Archives De P\u00e9diatrie"},{"issue":"11","key":"6252_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2017.35","volume":"9","author":"AS Hemadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hemadi AS, Huang R, Zhou Y, Zou J. Salivary proteins and microbiota as biomarkers for early childhood caries risk assessment. Int J Oral Sci. 2017;9(11):e1\u20131.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"6252_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2023.05.011","volume":"13","author":"D Ravikumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ravikumar D, Ramani P, Gayathri R, Hemashree K, Prabhakaran P. Physical and chemical properties of saliva and its role in early childhood caries\u2013A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Biology Craniofac Res. 2023;13(5):527\u201338.","journal-title":"J Oral Biology Craniofac Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6252_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1159\/000486103","volume":"52","author":"TS Ghazal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghazal TS, Levy SM, Childers NK, Carter KD, Caplan DJ, Warren JJ, Cavanaugh JE, Kolker J. Mutans Streptococci and dental caries: A new statistical modeling approach. Caries Res. 2018;52(3):246\u201352.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"6252_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975340","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.975340","volume":"10","author":"S Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu S, Zhao C, Jia L, Ma Z, Zhang X, Shi H. Relationship between preterm, low birth weight, and development defects of enamel in the primary dentition: A meta-analysis. Front Pead. 2022;10:975340.","journal-title":"Front Pead"},{"issue":"2","key":"6252_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2010.01093.x","volume":"21","author":"Y Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Zou J, Kang D. Associations of social and behavioural factors with early childhood caries in Xiamen City in China. Int J Pediatr Dent. 2011;21(2):103\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"6252_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12645","volume":"50","author":"MA Simancas-Pallares","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simancas-Pallares MA, Ginnis J, Vann WF Jr, Ferreira Zandona AG, Shrestha P, Preisser JS, Divaris K. Children\u2019s oral health\u2010related behaviours and early childhood caries: A latent class analysis. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2022;50(3):147\u201355.","journal-title":"Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6252_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12368","volume":"28","author":"JGS Souza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Souza JGS, Sampaio AA, Costa Oliveira BE, Jones KM, Martins AMEDBL. Socioeconomic inequalities in the use of dental care services during early childhood: an epidemiological survey. Int J Pediatr Dent. 2018;28(4):400\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05060-5","volume":"24","author":"KAMM Gunasinghe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gunasinghe KAMM, Wijesinghe MSD, Ratnayake NC. Socio-behavioural associates of early childhood caries among preschool children aged three to four years in Gampaha district, Sri Lanka: a cross sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1293.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6252_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00064","volume":"6","author":"NK Rai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rai NK, Tiwari T. Parental factors influencing the development of early childhood caries in developing nations: a systematic review. Front Public Health. 2018;6:64.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"6252_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00328","volume":"7","author":"A Pierce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pierce A, Singh S, Lee J, Grant C, Cruz de Jesus V, Schroth RJ. The burden of early childhood caries in Canadian children and associated risk factors. Front Public Health. 2019;7:328.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05290-7","volume":"24","author":"S-M Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu S-M, Xin Y-M, Wang F, Lin P-C, Huang H-L. Parental health belief model constructs associated with oral health behaviors, dental caries, and quality of life among preschool children in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1497.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"6252_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12161","volume":"43","author":"T Ghazal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghazal T, Levy SM, Childers NK, Broffitt B, Cutter GR, Wiener HW, Kempf MC, Warren J, Cavanaugh JE. Factors associated with early childhood caries incidence among high caries-risk children. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015;43(4):366\u201374.","journal-title":"Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6252_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000335574","volume":"46","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Yang J, Lo E, Lin H. The contribution of life course determinants to early childhood caries: a 2-year cohort study. Caries Res. 2012;46(2):87\u201394.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"6252_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1590\/S0021-75572009000400005","volume":"85","author":"EM Losso","year":"2009","unstructured":"Losso EM, Tavares MCR, da Silva JY, Urban CA. Severe early childhood caries: an integral approach. Jornal De Pediatria. 2009;85:295\u2013300.","journal-title":"Jornal De Pediatria"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-02016-x","volume":"21","author":"M Koopaie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koopaie M, Salamati M, Montazeri R, Davoudi M, Kolahdooz S. Salivary Cystatin S levels in children with early childhood caries in comparison with caries-free children; statistical analysis and machine learning. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):650.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"6252_CR27","first-page":"91","volume":"26","author":"M Koopaie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koopaie M, Mortazavi H, Khatami A, Khodashenas Z. Salivary and serum anti-desmoglein 1 and 3 ELISA and indirect Immunofluorescence in pemphigus vulgaris: correlations with serum ELISA, indirect Immunofluorescence and disease severity. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2018;26(2):91\u201391.","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Croat"},{"key":"6252_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01930-4","volume":"21","author":"X Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou X, Li H, Zhu C, Yuan C, Meng C, Feng S, Sun X, Zheng S. Analysis of salivary proteomic biomarkers for the surveillance of changes in high-risk status of early childhood caries. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"6252_CR29","first-page":"52","volume":"38","author":"Policy on Early Childhood Caries (ECC)","year":"2016","unstructured":"Policy on Early Childhood Caries (ECC). Classifications, consequences, and preventive strategies. Pediatr Dent. 2016;38(6):52\u20134.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"6252_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang S, Tian W, Tian J, Tang H, Qin M, Zhao B, Wang J, Chen Y, Xu H. Deep saliva proteomics elucidating the pathogenesis of early childhood caries and identifying biomarkers for early prediction. J Proteome Res 2024.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00831"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.11.014","volume":"14","author":"P Afsaneh Abadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Afsaneh Abadi P, Koopaie M, Montazeri R. Comparison of salivary nitric oxide and oral health in diabetic patients with and without Xerostomia. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome. 2020;14(1):11\u20135.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome"},{"key":"6252_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122591","volume":"346","author":"M Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen M, Hu Z, Shi J, Xie Z. Human \u03b2-defensins and their synthetic analogs: natural defenders and prospective new drugs of oral health. Life Sci. 2024;346:122591.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12093","volume":"69","author":"H Dommisch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dommisch H, Jepsen S. Diverse functions of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in periodontal tissues. Periodontol 2000. 2015;69(1):96\u2013110.","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR34","first-page":"9099136","volume":"2022","author":"F Basingab","year":"2022","unstructured":"Basingab F, Alsaiary A, Almontashri S, Alrofaidi A, Alharbi M, Azhari S, Algothmi K, Alhazmi S. Alterations in Immune-Related defensin alpha 4 (DEFA4) gene expression in health and disease. Int J Inflamm. 2022;2022(1):9099136.","journal-title":"Int J Inflamm"},{"issue":"12","key":"6252_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3647-3","volume":"41","author":"J Yuan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yuan J, Yan Y, Zhang J, Wang B, Feng J. Diagnostic accuracy of alpha-defensin in periprosthetic joint infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop. 2017;41(12):2447\u201355.","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"6252_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155798832311826","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883231182673","volume":"17","author":"F Fesahat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fesahat F, Firouzabadi AM, Zare-Zardini H, Imani M. Roles of different \u03b2-Defensins in the human reproductive system: A review study. Am J Men\u2019s Health. 2023;17(3):15579883231182673.","journal-title":"Am J Men\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01054.x","volume":"67","author":"V Zaga-Clavellina","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zaga-Clavellina V, Martha RVM, Flores\u2010Espinosa P. In vitro secretion profile of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines IL\u20101\u03b2, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, and of human Beta\u2010Defensins (HBD)\u20101, HBD\u20102, and HBD\u20103 from human chorioamniotic membranes after selective stimulation with gardnerella vaginalis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2012;67(1):34\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"6252_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-017-7362-y","volume":"55","author":"KB Ahn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahn KB, Kim AR, Kum K-Y, Yun C-H, Han SH. The synthetic human beta-defensin-3 C15 peptide exhibits antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, both alone and in combination with dental disinfectants. J Microbiol. 2017;55:830\u20136.","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6252_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2020.06.004","volume":"62","author":"\u00d6 Hatipo\u011flu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hatipo\u011flu \u00d6, Saydam F. Association between rs11362 polymorphism in the beta-defensin 1 (DEFB1) gene and dental caries: A meta-analysis. J Oral Biosci. 2020;62(3):272\u20139.","journal-title":"J Oral Biosci"},{"key":"6252_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari CR, de Oliveira TE, Buzalaf MAR, Netz PA. Interaction of Statherin derived peptide with the surface of hydroxyapatite: perspectives based on molecular dynamics simulations. Caries Res 2024.","DOI":"10.1159\/000539064"},{"issue":"8","key":"6252_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515586769","volume":"94","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xiao Y, Karttunen M, Jalkanen J, Mussi M, Liao Y, Grohe B, Lagugn\u00e9-Labarthet F, Siqueira W. Hydroxyapatite growth Inhibition effect of pellicle Statherin peptides. J Dent Res. 2015;94(8):1106\u201312.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"44","key":"6252_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13292","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c02325","volume":"36","author":"P Steinbauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steinbauer P, Rohatschek A, Andriotis O, Bouropoulos N, Liska R, Thurner PJ, Baudis S. Single-Molecule force spectroscopy reveals Adhesion-by-Demand in Statherin at the Protein\u2013Hydroxyapatite interface. Langmuir. 2020;36(44):13292\u2013300.","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"6252_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pateel DGS, Gunjal S, Math SY, Murugeshappa DG, Nair SM. Correlation of salivary Statherin and calcium levels with dental calculus formation: a preliminary study. Int J Dent 2017, 2017(1):2857629.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2857629"},{"key":"6252_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2024.106159","volume":"171","author":"TT Araujo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Araujo TT, Debortolli ALB, Carvalho TS, Rodrigues CMVBF, Dionizio A, de Souza BM, Vertuan M, Ventura TM, Grizzo LT, Marchetto R. Paving the way for the use of Statherin-Derived peptide (StN15) to control caries through acquired pellicle and biofilm Microbiome engineering: Proof-of-concept in vitro\/in vivo studies. Arch Oral Biol. 2025;171:106159.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6252_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1159\/000094286","volume":"40","author":"A Shimotoyodome","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shimotoyodome A, Kobayashi H, Tokimitsu I, Matsukubo T, Takaesu Y. Statherin and Histatin 1 reduce Parotid saliva-promoted Streptococcus mutans strain MT8148 adhesion to hydroxyapatite surfaces. Caries Res. 2006;40(5):403\u201311.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"6252_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"WM Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"Association WM. World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-13-30","volume":"13","author":"R Naidu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naidu R, Nunn J, Kelly A. Socio-behavioural factors and early childhood caries: a cross-sectional study of preschool children in central Trinidad. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6252_CR48","unstructured":"Organization WH. Oral health surveys: basic methods. World Health Organization; 2013."},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"6252_CR49","first-page":"40","volume":"30","author":"Pediatrics AAo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pediatrics AAo. Policy on early childhood caries (ECC): classifications, consequences, and preventive strategies. Pediatr Dent. 2008;30(7 Suppl):40\u20133.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"6252_CR50","unstructured":"Chollet F. keras. In.; 2015."},{"key":"6252_CR51","unstructured":"Statistics UIf. International standard classification of education: ISCED 2011. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Montreal; 2012."},{"issue":"3","key":"6252_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200710415","volume":"50","author":"MD Ruopp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ruopp MD, Perkins NJ, Whitcomb BW, Schisterman EF. Youden index and optimal cut-point estimated from observations affected by a lower limit of detection. Biometrical Journal: J Math Methods Biosci. 2008;50(3):419\u201330.","journal-title":"Biometrical Journal: J Math Methods Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-89","volume":"10","author":"N Smits","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smits N. A note on Youden\u2019s J and its cost ratio. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6252_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120321","volume":"84","author":"AL Pereira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pereira AL, Franco GC, Cortelli SC, Aquino DR, Costa FO, Raslan SA, Cortelli JR. Influence of periodontal status and periodontopathogens on levels of oral human \u03b2-defensin\u20102 in saliva. J Periodontol. 2013;84(10):1445\u201353.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6252_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071780","volume":"20","author":"A Salem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salem A, Almahmoudi R, Hagstr\u00f6m J, Stark H, Nordstr\u00f6m D, Salo T, Eklund KK. Human \u03b2-defensin 2 expression in oral epithelium: potential therapeutic targets in oral lichen planus. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(7):1780.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"6252_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13597","volume":"27","author":"A \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk A, Kurt-Bayrakdar S, Avci B. Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid and serum human beta\u2010defensin\u20102 levels between periodontal health and disease. Oral Dis. 2021;27(4):993\u20131000.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"6252_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayoub CG, Aminoshariae A, Bakkar M, Ghosh S, Bonfield T, Demko C, Montagnese TA, Mickel AK. Comparison of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, hBD-2, and hBD-3 expression in the dental pulp of smokers versus nonsmokers. J Endod 2017, 43(12):2009\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.08.017"},{"issue":"11","key":"6252_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112991","volume":"10","author":"M Cie\u015blik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cie\u015blik M, Bagi\u0144ska N, G\u00f3rski A, Jo\u0144czyk-Matysiak E. Human \u03b2-defensin 2 and its postulated role in modulation of the immune response. Cells. 2021;10(11):2991.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"04","key":"6252_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.195161","volume":"10","author":"T Kusumaningsih","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kusumaningsih T, Subijanto M, Indrawati R, Devijanti RR. The level of beta defensin-2 in saliva and its expression in Parotid gland epithelial cells after probiotic (Lactobacillus reuteri) induction to inhibit Streptococcus mutans in caries. Eur J Dentistry. 2016;10(04):556\u201360.","journal-title":"Eur J Dentistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/99757","volume":"56","author":"M Koopaie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koopaie M, Fatahzadeh M, Jahangir S, Bakhtiari R. Comparison of the effect of regular and probiotic cake (Bacillus coagulans) on salivary pH and Streptococcus mutans count. Dent Med Probl. 2019;56(1):33\u20138.","journal-title":"Dent Med Probl"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230251","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/230251","volume":"2015","author":"J-C Farges","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farges J-C, Alliot-Licht B, Renard E, Ducret M, Gaudin A, Smith AJ, Cooper PR. Dental pulp defence and repair mechanisms in dental caries. Mediat Inflamm. 2015;2015(1):230251.","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"issue":"5","key":"6252_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.12.011","volume":"58","author":"P de Sousa-Pereira","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Sousa-Pereira P, Amado F, Abrantes J, Ferreira R, Esteves PJ, Vitorino R. An evolutionary perspective of mammal salivary peptide families: cystatins, histatins, Statherin and PRPs. Arch Oral Biol. 2013;58(5):451\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6252_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes9030033","volume":"9","author":"E Pappa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pappa E, Vougas K, Zoidakis J, Papaioannou W, Rahiotis C, Vastardis H. Downregulation of salivary proteins, protective against dental caries, in type 1 diabetes. Proteomes. 2021;9(3):33.","journal-title":"Proteomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"6252_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5339\/jemtac.2024.uncidc.7","volume":"2024","author":"RL Nussrat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nussrat RL, Aldhaher ZA. Evaluation of Statherin and \u00df-Defensin-3 in saliva of children with dental caries: case control study. J Emerg Med Trauma Acute Care. 2024;2024(2):7.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med Trauma Acute Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05506-4","volume":"25","author":"DJ Blanco-Victorio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blanco-Victorio DJ, L\u00f3pez-Luj\u00e1n NA, Bernaola-Silva W, Vicu\u00f1a-Huaqui LA, Cac\u00f1ahuaray-Palomino R, Diaz-Campos JS, Anicama-Barrios YA, Rojas-Apaza Z, Casta\u00f1eda-Sarmiento S, Vidigal EA. Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with early childhood caries in Peruvian pre-schoolers. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):125.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-022-00186-0","volume":"14","author":"J Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou J, Du Q, Ge L, Wang J, Wang X, Li Y, Song G, Zhao W, Chen X, Jiang B. Expert consensus on early childhood caries management. Int J Oral Sci. 2022;14(1):35.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03834-w","volume":"23","author":"IO Lund","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lund IO, Hannigan LJ, Ask H, Askelund AD, Hegemann L, Corfield EC, Wootton RE, Ahmadzadeh YI, Davey Smith G, McAdams TA, et al. Prenatal maternal stress: triangulating evidence for intrauterine exposure effects on birth and early childhood outcomes across multiple approaches. BMC Med. 2025;23(1):18.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1023812","key":"6252_CR68","first-page":"20","volume":"35","author":"G Dipalma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dipalma G, Inchingolo A, Inchingolo F, Charitos I, Di Cosola M, Cazzolla A. Focus on the cariogenic process: microbial and biochemical interactions with teeth and oral environment. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2021;35(1023812):20\u2013747.","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"issue":"11","key":"6252_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.02.010","volume":"1848","author":"CN LaRock","year":"2015","unstructured":"LaRock CN, Nizet V. Cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance mechanisms of Streptococcal pathogens. Biochim Et Biophys Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes. 2015;1848(11):3047\u201354.","journal-title":"Biochim Et Biophys Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes"},{"issue":"6","key":"6252_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12676","volume":"54","author":"ML Jourdain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jourdain ML, Velard F, Pierrard L, Sergheraert J, Gangloff SC, Braux J. Cationic antimicrobial peptides and periodontal physiopathology: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res. 2019;54(6):589\u2013600.","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"6252_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10060568","volume":"10","author":"MS Zafar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zafar MS, Fareed MA, Riaz S, Latif M, Habib SR, Khurshid Z. Customized therapeutic surface coatings for dental implants. Coatings. 2020;10(6):568.","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"issue":"5","key":"6252_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2009.02.004","volume":"14","author":"B Bechinger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bechinger B. Rationalizing the membrane interactions of cationic amphipathic antimicrobial peptides by their molecular shape. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2009;14(5):349\u201355.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"6252_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.12.004","volume":"115","author":"F Trindade","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trindade F, Amado F, da Costa JP, Ferreira R, Maia C, Henriques I, Cola\u00e7o B, Vitorino R. Salivary peptidomic as a tool to disclose new potential antimicrobial peptides. J Proteom. 2015;115:49\u201357.","journal-title":"J Proteom"},{"issue":"7","key":"6252_CR74","first-page":"3919","volume":"11","author":"J Lei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lei J, Sun L, Huang S, Zhu C, Li P, He J, Mackey V, Coy DH, He Q. The antimicrobial peptides and their potential clinical applications. Am J Translational Res. 2019;11(7):3919\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Translational Res"},{"issue":"26","key":"6252_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10899","DOI":"10.1021\/ja302262y","volume":"134","author":"A Rimola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rimola A, Aschi M, Orlando R, Ugliengo P. Does adsorption at hydroxyapatite surfaces induce peptide folding? Insights from large-scale B3LYP calculations. J Am Chem Soc. 2012;134(26):10899\u2013910.","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"6252_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang OL, Niu JY, Yu OY, Mei ML, Jakubovics NS, Chu CH. Peptide designs for use in caries management: A systematic review. Int J Mol Sci 2023, 24(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044247"},{"issue":"5","key":"6252_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5390","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b00293","volume":"3","author":"JJ Lopez Cascales","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez Cascales JJ, Zenak S, Garc\u00eda de La Torre J, Lezama OG, Garro A, Enriz RD. Small cationic peptides: influence of charge on their antimicrobial activity. ACS Omega. 2018;3(5):5390\u20138.","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"7","key":"6252_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01799.x","volume":"17","author":"G Diamond","year":"2011","unstructured":"Diamond G, Ryan L. Beta-defensins: what are they REALLY doing in the oral cavity? Oral Dis. 2011;17(7):628\u201335.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6252_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080654","volume":"13","author":"N Atalay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Atalay N, Balci N, G\u00fcrsoy M, G\u00fcrsoy UK. Systemic factors affecting human Beta-Defensins in oral cavity. Pathogens. 2024;13(8):654.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"3","key":"6252_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medici.2014.07.003","volume":"50","author":"K Sald\u016bnait\u0117","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sald\u016bnait\u0117 K, Bendoraitien\u0117 EA, Slab\u0161inskien\u0117 E, Vasiliauskien\u0117 I, Andru\u0161kevi\u010dien\u0117 V, Z\u016bbien\u0117 J. The role of parental education and socioeconomic status in dental caries prevention among Lithuanian children. Medicina. 2014;50(3):156\u201361.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR81","first-page":"28","volume":"5","author":"A Ard\u00e9rius","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ard\u00e9rius A, Veiga N, Godinho M, Ribeiro C. The influence of parents\u2019 educational level in children\u2019s oral health behavior. Public Health Res. 2015;5(1):28\u201331.","journal-title":"Public Health Res"},{"key":"6252_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01186-4","volume":"20","author":"L Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen L, Hong J, Xiong D, Zhang L, Li Y, Huang S, Hua F. Are parents\u2019 education levels associated with either their oral health knowledge or their children\u2019s oral health behaviors? A survey of 8446 families in Wuhan. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20:1\u201312.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"6252_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3390\/children10030471","volume":"10","author":"SK Mallineni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mallineni SK, Alassaf A, Almulhim B, Alghamdi S. Influence of tooth brushing and previous dental visits on dental caries status among Saudi Arabian children. Children. 2023;10(3):471.","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"6252_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01253-w","volume":"20","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Fan W, Zhou Y, Wu L, Liu W, Huang S. The status and associated factors of early childhood caries among 3-to 5-year-old children in Guangdong, Southern China: a provincial cross-sectional survey. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12658","volume":"31","author":"E Aliakbari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aliakbari E, Gray-Burrows KA, Vinall\u2010Collier KA, Edwebi S, Marshman Z, McEachan RR, Day PF. Home\u2010based toothbrushing interventions for parents of young children to reduce dental caries: A systematic review. Int J Pediatr Dent. 2021;31(1):37\u201379.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"16","key":"6252_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8613","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168613","volume":"18","author":"Y-H Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park Y-H, Kim S-H, Choi Y-Y. Prediction models of early childhood caries based on machine learning algorithms. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(16):8613.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"6252_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.107221","volume":"227","author":"X Qu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qu X, Zhang C, Houser SH, Zhang J, Zou J, Zhang W, Zhang Q. Prediction model for early childhood caries risk based on behavioral determinants using a machine learning algorithm. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2022;227:107221.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"6252_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05419-2","volume":"25","author":"F Hasan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hasan F, Tantawi ME, Haque F, Fol\u00e1yan MO, Virtanen JI. Early childhood caries risk prediction using machine learning approaches in Bangladesh. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):49.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06252-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06252-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06252-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T11:02:33Z","timestamp":1748689353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06252-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06252-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This analytical cross-sectional case-control study received ethical approval from the Ethical Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (ethical code: IR.TUMS.DENTISTRY.REC.1400.158) and conducted by the Declaration of Helsinki []. Participants were provided with written informed consent obtained from a parent or guardian after the study objectives were explained. Children whose parents consented and signed the informed consent form were enrolled. The authors confirm that the relevant guidelines and regulations performed all methods.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"868"}}