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Recognizing EMs, which may involve multiple organs and systems, is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective antiviral therapy.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>Purpose of the study was to investigate extrahepatic symptoms occurring in the oral mucosa in HCV-infected patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The observational study included 153 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C and healthy controls. Data collection encompassed demographic parameters, medical history, laboratory results, and oral examinations, which included evaluation of dry mouth, pain and burning in the mouth and on the tongue, pain in the angles of the mouth, bad breath, gingival bleeding, dysphagia and taste disorders using scales designed for this purpose, clinical and dental examination.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Subjective oral symptoms were twice as common in the study group as in controls with the most frequent dry mouth, followed by oral pain, and burning in the mouth. Pathological changes (oral candidiasis, angular cheilitis and lichen planus), were identified in 73.2% of patients, compared to 32% in the control group. Oral hygiene was worse in the study group with a median score of 1.8 compared to 1.1 as assessed by the Oral Hygiene Index scale. The incidence of Mikulicz's aphthae, papillomas, fibromas and sublingual varices did not reach statistically significant differences. The study group had fewer teeth with dental fillings. Additionally, age\u2009\u2265\u200940\u00a0years and GT1 infection were identified as independent predictors of oral pathologies in HCV-infected patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In patients with chronic HCV infection, oral mucosal pathologies were significantly more common compared to controls, with candidiasis, angular cheilitis, and oral lichen planus being the most frequently observed conditions. Subjective symptoms such as dry mouth, oral pain, and burning were also markedly higher in the HCV group. Age\u2009\u2265\u200940\u00a0years and GT1b HCV genotype were identified as independent positive predictors of oral mucosal lesions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06307-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T11:25:31Z","timestamp":1749468331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oral manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Brzd\u0119k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Ga\u0142uszka-Garnuszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Dobrowolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Brzd\u0119k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Janczura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Tronina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"St\u0119pie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Zar\u0119bska-Michaluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"6307_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01320-X","volume":"402","author":"M Martinello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martinello M, Solomon SS, Terrault NA, Dore GJ. 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All patients were included in the study after being fully informed about the purpose of the study and providing their written consent to participate, demonstrating their awareness and understanding. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"944"}}