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The samples are remineralized for thirty days. \u0394E\n                      <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                      , elemental analysis employing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) along with surface features with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was assessed. CSMH was measured at 50, 100, and 150\u00a0\u03bcm enamel depths. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and post-hoc testing (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      FG had the highest CSMH at 100 and 150\u00a0\u03bcm depths while microabrasion with remineralizing has a highest CSMH at 50\u00a0\u03bcm. EDX revealed that FG-treated specimens had the highest Ca\/P ratio (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). FG had the highest \u0394E\n                      <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                      , whereas microabrasion with n-HAp showed the least \u0394E\n                      <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FG provides greater aesthetic enhancement and remineralization than n-HAp. microabrasion did not significantly boost the remineralization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fluorinated graphene oxide nanosheets are a promising remineralization approach for treating white spot lesions offering improved mineral recovery and aesthetic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06410-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T10:33:39Z","timestamp":1751452419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The impact of fluorinated graphene versus nanohydroxyapatite crystals on artificial white spot lesion microhardness and color change"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sarah Diaa","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Rizk","family":"Aboelwafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"6410_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18283","volume":"9","author":"MM Chabuk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chabuk MM, Al-Shamma AM. 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