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Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is considered a common radiographic technique for dental problems. However, there are serious concerns regarding the biological effects of radiation, particularly at a young age. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of cone beam computed tomography on the exfoliated buccal epithelial cells in two distinct age groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Forty patients were included in the current study. They were divided into two groups: group I included patients\u2009\u2265\u200918 years old, and group II included those \u02c218 years old. They experienced CBCT as part of a diagnostic procedure. Cells were collected before CBCT exposure and 10\u201312 days after CBCT exposure. The Papanicolaou method was utilized to stain cytological smears. Micronuclei count and cytotoxic cellular alterations (Karyolysis, Pyknosis, and Karyorrhexis) were assessed. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the two studied groups for non-normally distributed data. A two-way ANOVA test was used to study the combined effect of two independent factors on dependent continuous outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In groups I and II, there were statistically significant differences in micronucleus counts and cytological changes before and after CBCT exposure. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in micronucleus counts and cytological changes after CBCT exposure.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>CBCT induces genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in both age groups, with cytotoxicity more evident in younger patients. Therefore, clinical justification is required before using CBCT.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06422-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T08:47:44Z","timestamp":1752137264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of cone beam computed tomography on exfoliated epithelial cells in different age groups"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maged","family":"Bakr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Ata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa Saleh","family":"Elmahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8539-0594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassant","family":"Mowafey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"6422_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v6.i10.794","volume":"6","author":"N Shah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shah N, Bansal N, Logani A. 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