{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T13:19:02Z","timestamp":1794057542039,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06510-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T18:17:29Z","timestamp":1753985849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The role of probiotics and dietary interventions in the treatment of periodontitis: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Feray \u00c7a\u011firan","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nupelda \u00c7a\u011firan","family":"G\u00f6rgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"6510_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2018.1396876","volume":"130","author":"EM Cardoso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cardoso EM, Reis C, Manzanares-C\u00e9spedes MC. Chronic periodontitis, inflammatory cytokines, and interrelationship with other chronic diseases. Postgrad Med. 2018;130:98\u2013104.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"6510_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095142","volume":"23","author":"M Di Stefano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Stefano M, Polizzi A, Santonocito S, et al. Impact of oral Microbiome in periodontal health and periodontitis: a critical review on prevention and treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:5142.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"6510_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Reyes P, Aguilera-Rojas SE, Garc\u00eda LAR. Oral health, nutrition, and quality of life. The role of nutrition in integral health and quality of life. Apple Academic; 2024. pp. 471\u201386.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003413585-20"},{"key":"6510_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12630","volume":"71","author":"T Kwon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kwon T, Lamster IB, Levin L. Current concepts in the management of periodontitis. Int Dent J. 2021;71:462\u201376.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"6510_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darby I. Risk factors for periodontitis & peri-implantitis. Periodontology 2000. 2022;90:9\u201312.","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12447"},{"key":"6510_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02042-7","volume":"21","author":"K Nasiri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nasiri K, Masoumi SM, Amini S, et al. Recent advances in metal nanoparticles to treat periodontitis. J Nanobiotechnol. 2023;21:283.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"6510_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13554","volume":"49","author":"M Orlandi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orlandi M, Munoz Aguilera E, Marletta D, et al. Impact of the treatment of periodontitis on systemic health and quality of life: A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2022;49:314\u201327.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"6510_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781378","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.781378","volume":"12","author":"B Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang B, Pang X, Li Z, Chen Z, Wang Y. Immunomodulation in the treatment of periodontitis: progress and perspectives. Front Immunol. 2021;12:781378.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"6510_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canut-Delgado N, Giovannoni ML, Chimenos-K\u00fcstner E. Are probiotics a possible treatment of periodontitis? Probiotics against periodontal disease: A systematic review. Br Dent J. 2021;231:1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-021-3624-5"},{"key":"6510_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184","volume":"12","author":"C Mazziotta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mazziotta C, Tognon M, Martini F, Torreggiani E, Rotondo JC. Probiotics mechanism of action on immune cells and beneficial effects on human health. Cells. 2023;12:184.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"6510_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12382","volume":"87","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen T, Brody H, Radaic A, Kapila Y. Probiotics for periodontal health\u2014Current molecular findings. Periodontol 2000. 2021;87:254\u201367.","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"6510_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806463","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.806463","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ding Y, Guo Q. Probiotic species in the management of periodontal diseases: an overview. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:806463.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"6510_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/27697061.2024.2382961","volume":"44","author":"SS Sa\u011f\u0131r","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sa\u011f\u0131r SS, Ba\u015fm\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 E, Sapanc\u0131 B, K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131g\u00fcl \u00d6A, \u0130nan\u00e7 N. Is there a relationship between the dietary inflammatory index and clinical attachment loss in patients with periodontitis?? J Am Nutr Association. 2025;44:14\u201321.","journal-title":"J Am Nutr Association"},{"key":"6510_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5798","volume":"54","author":"T \u015eahin","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u015eahin T, Akca G, \u00d6zmeri\u00e7 N. The role of probiotics for preventing dysbiosis in periodontal disease: a randomized controlled trial. Turk J Med Sci. 2024;54:357\u201365.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"6510_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2021.101547","volume":"21","author":"D Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu D, Zhong T, Dai Q. Clinical efficacy of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planning in the management of periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2021;21:101547.","journal-title":"J Evid Based Dent Pract"},{"key":"6510_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01276-3","volume":"21","author":"A Morales","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morales A, Contador R, Bravo J, et al. Clinical effects of probiotic or Azithromycin as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in the treatment of stage III periodontitis: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:1\u201315.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6510_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12945","volume":"45","author":"MS Tonetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45:149\u201361.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"6510_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","volume":"16","author":"SL Klein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:626\u201338.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"6510_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-015-0033-y","volume":"6","author":"F Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity. Biol Sex Differ. 2015;6:14.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"6510_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002","volume":"35","author":"AK Beery","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beery AK, Zucker I. Sex bias in neuroscience and biomedical research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35:565\u201372.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"6510_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041464","volume":"12","author":"A Butera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Butera A, Maiorani C, Gallo S, Pascadopoli M, Venugopal A, Scribante A. Impact of probiotic toothpaste and mouthwash use in pregnant women with gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2023;12:1921.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"6510_CR22","first-page":"2919","volume":"22","author":"M Farr\u00e0s","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farr\u00e0s M, Chandwe K, Myburgh C, Malan L, Smuts CM, Baumgartner J. The effect of probiotics on oral health in pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22:2919\u201328.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"6510_CR23","first-page":"1552","volume":"47","author":"DT Le","year":"2021","unstructured":"Le DT, Tran PH, Le TM. Association between periodontitis and preeclampsia: A meta-analysis based on adjusted effect estimates. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2021;47:1552\u201364.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"6510_CR24","first-page":"71","volume":"4","author":"MS Al-Zahrani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Zahrani MS. Increased prevalence of periodontal disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A cross-sectional study. Int J Dent Hyg. 2006;4:71\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"6510_CR25","first-page":"9","volume":"20","author":"GC Armitage","year":"2000","unstructured":"Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Periodontology. 2000;20:9\u201314.","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"6510_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moro MG, de Carvalho VF, Godoy-Miranda BA et al. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for nonsurgical treatment of periodontal disease: A systematic review. Lasers Med Sci. 2021;36:1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-020-03238-1"},{"key":"6510_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02530-6","volume":"22","author":"MM Haque","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haque MM, Yerex K, Kelekis-Cholakis A, Duan K. Advances in novel therapeutic approaches for periodontal diseases. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22:492.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6510_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103251","volume":"41","author":"E Skaleri\u010d","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skaleri\u010d E, Petelin M, Ga\u0161pirc B. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in treatment of aggressive periodontitis (stage III, grade C periodontitis): A comparison between photodynamic therapy and antibiotic therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2023;41:103251.","journal-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"6510_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020985","volume":"19","author":"B Rapone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rapone B, Ferrara E, Santacroce L, et al. The gaseous Ozone therapy as a promising antiseptic adjuvant of periodontal treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:985.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"6510_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02985-1","volume":"23","author":"B Rapone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rapone B, Ferrara E, Qorri E, et al. Research efficacy of gaseous Ozone therapy as an adjuvant to periodontal treatment on oxidative stress mediators in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:278.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6510_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05639-6","volume":"25","author":"J Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu J, Huang Y, Huang J, Yang W, Tao R. Effects of Ozone therapy as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:335.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6510_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051017","volume":"14","author":"L Hardan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hardan L, Bourgi R, Cuevas-Su\u00e1rez CE, et al. The use of probiotics as adjuvant therapy of periodontal treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:1017.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"6510_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051036","volume":"14","author":"Z Gheisary","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gheisary Z, Mahmood R, Harri Shivanantham A, et al. The clinical, microbiological, and immunological effects of probiotic supplementation on prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14:1036.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6510_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00614-5","volume":"10","author":"L Baddouri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baddouri L, Hannig M. Probiotics as an adjunctive therapy in periodontitis treatment\u2014Reality or illusion\u2014A clinical perspective. Npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 2024;10:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"6510_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20210583","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2021-0583","volume":"30","author":"TCS Ramos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramos TCS, Boas MLV, Nunes CMM, et al. Effect of systemic antibiotic and probiotic therapies as adjuvant treatments of subgingival instrumentation for periodontitis: a randomized controlled clinical study. J Appl Oral Sci. 2022;30:e20210583.","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"6510_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2022.0056","volume":"14","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Zhao G, Zhang H, Zhu F. Probiotic adjuvant treatment in combination with scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Beneficial Microbes. 2023;14:95\u2013108.","journal-title":"Beneficial Microbes"},{"key":"6510_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111228","volume":"157","author":"MF da Cruz","year":"2022","unstructured":"da Cruz MF, Magno MB, Jural LA, et al. Probiotics and dairy products in dentistry: A bibliometric and critical review of randomized clinical trials. Food Res Int. 2022;157:111228.","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"6510_CR38","first-page":"28","volume":"26","author":"S Castro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castro S, Garay S, Espinoza-Carhuancho F, et al. Exploring the potential of probiotics in dentistry: A literature review. Odovtos-International J Dent Sci. 2024;26:28\u201340.","journal-title":"Odovtos-International J Dent Sci"},{"key":"6510_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8070","DOI":"10.3390\/app11178070","volume":"11","author":"P Sa\u00efz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sa\u00efz P, Taveira N, Alves R. Probiotics in oral health and disease: a systematic review. Appl Sci. 2021;11:8070.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"6510_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04703-x","volume":"24","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang Q, Duan Z. Preventive effects of probiotics on dental caries in vitro and in vivo. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:915.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6510_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41110-023-00246-3","volume":"49","author":"A Elumalai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elumalai A, Leslie CC, Anitha V, Balachandran A, Muthukali S. The eminence of nutrition in periodontal health and therapy\u2014a review. Nutrire. 2024;49:3.","journal-title":"Nutrire"},{"key":"6510_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061538","volume":"15","author":"JP Woelber","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woelber JP, Reichenbaecher K, Gross T, et al. Dietary and nutraceutical interventions as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy\u2014a systematic review. Nutrients. 2023;15:1538.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6510_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70096","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70096","volume":"13","author":"R Salvatori","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salvatori R, Generali L, Bellei E, Bergamini S, Bertoldi C. The Inflammation-Initiating and resolving mechanisms and oxidation: could periodontal therapy and nutritional strategy improve the systemic health?? A narrative review. Food Sci Nutr. 2025;13:e70096.","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"6510_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Angelis P, Gasparini G, Manicone PF et al. The effect of an optimized diet as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy in subjects with periodontitis: a prospective study. Healthcare: 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10030583"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06510-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06510-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06510-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T10:26:10Z","timestamp":1757327170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06510-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06510-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the practices in this study were conducted according to the guidelines recommended in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all the procedures involving human subjects were approved by the Ethics Committee of Firat University (Ethics approval number 15\/2019). All participants were informed about the scope of the study and provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1287"}}