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Group I: Patients used maxillary complete dentures 3D printed without the addition of any additives. Group II: Patients used maxillary complete dentures 3D after reinforcement by Nano-ZrO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (0.4%) by weight. Group III: Patients used maxillary complete dentures 3D printed after reinforcement by Nano-TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (0.4%) by weight. For microbial evaluation, a cotton swab was taken from the mucosa of the palate and the intaglio surface of maxillary dentures, and microbial colonization was evaluated by calculating the number of colony-forming units of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus on<\/jats:italic>\n                      mannitol salt agar plates and\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      on Sabouraud\u2019s dextrose agar plates after 48\u00a0h of incubation at insertion, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. Patient satisfaction was evaluated 15 days after insertion and at 6, 12, and 18 months. The values of microbial colonization and patient satisfaction were analyzed via repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s multiple comparison test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No\n                      <jats:italic>significant differences in microbial colonization were detected among the three groups concerning Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the palatal mucosa. There was a significant difference between Group I, the lowest antimicrobial group, and the other groups, while between Groups II and III, there was no significant difference\n                      <jats:italic>in the number of S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      on the fitting surface of the denture. There were significant differences between Group II, the highest antifungal group, and the other groups at 12 and 18 months\n                      <jats:italic>concerning Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the palate and in the dentures. There was a significant difference in patient satisfaction between Group I, the lowest, and the other groups, whereas there was no significant difference between Groups II and III.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with the other groups, the nano-ZrO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      group presented greater antimicrobial effects until 18 months, whereas the nano-TiO2 group presented antibacterial effects until 18 months and antifungal effects until 6 months. The addition of nano-ZrO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and nano-TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      to 3D-printed denture base resin improved the aesthetic, speech, masticatory efficiency, hygiene, and comfort of patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The trial was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry under the number NCT06921577 on 10\/04\/2025 (retrospective registration).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06601-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T18:27:04Z","timestamp":1752776824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinical and microbial study of reinforced 3D-printed maxillary denture base resin: a randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Eman Mohamed","family":"Ahmed Teama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda Mohamed","family":"Amin Rashad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Abd El-salam","family":"Mohamed Shakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Elsayed","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"6601_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(12)60015-8","volume":"107","author":"CJ Goodacre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goodacre CJ, Garbacea A, Naylor WP, Daher T, Marchack CB, Lowry J. 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Rev Chim. 2018;69:463\u20138.","journal-title":"Rev Chim"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06601-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06601-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06601-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T14:05:07Z","timestamp":1757253907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06601-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06601-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6506974\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The design and procedures of the current study were carried out in compliance with the research standard adopted by the Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University ( RP 2\u201323 1), and the study was retrospectively registered on\n                      \n                      (ID: NCT06921577 on 10\/04\/2025). This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Both written and oral informed consent were obtained from the patient.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1192"}}