{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:32:33Z","timestamp":1788413553957,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06719-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T06:13:54Z","timestamp":1755065634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Livia","family":"Liechti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Regitz-Zagrosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pimrapat","family":"Gebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Schmidlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Campus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6719_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.11.029","volume":"67","author":"L Schiebinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schiebinger L, Stefanick ML. Gender Matters in Biological Research and Medical Practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(2):136\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"7485","key":"6719_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/505612a","volume":"505","author":"FS Collins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Collins FS, Tabak LA. Policy: NIH plans to enhance reproducibility. Nature. 2014;505(7485):612\u20133.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6719_CR3","unstructured":"European Commission. Fact Sheet: Gender Equality in Horizon 2020. 2013."},{"key":"6719_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-4-11","volume":"4","author":"SP Phillips","year":"2005","unstructured":"Phillips SP. Defining and measuring gender: a social determinant of health whose time has come. Int J Equity Health. 2005;4:11.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"6719_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.067","volume":"67","author":"R Pelletier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pelletier R, Khan NA, Cox J, Daskalopoulou SS, Eisenberg MJ, Bacon SL, et al. Sex Versus Gender-Related Characteristics: Which Predicts Outcome After Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Young? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(2):127\u201335.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"6719_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-016-0370-4","volume":"15","author":"PM Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith PM, Koehoorn M. Measuring gender when you don\u2019t have a gender measure: constructing a gender index using survey data. Int J Equity Health. 2016;15:82.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00351-2","volume":"12","author":"AT Nauman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nauman AT, Behlouli H, Alexander N, Kendel F, Drewelies J, Mantantzis K, et al. Gender score development in the Berlin Aging Study II: a retrospective approach. Biol Sex Differ. 2021;12(1):15.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"5","key":"6719_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.01.022","volume":"163","author":"L Pilote","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pilote L, Karp I. GENESIS-PRAXY (GENdEr and Sex determInantS of cardiovascular disease: From bench to beyond-Premature Acute Coronary SYndrome). Am Heart J. 2012;163(5):741-6.e2.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"6719_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000186","volume":"77","author":"R Pelletier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pelletier R, Ditto B, Pilote L. A composite measure of gender and its association with risk factors in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome. Psychosom Med. 2015;77(5):517\u201326.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"9499","key":"6719_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67728-8","volume":"366","author":"BL Pihlstrom","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. Periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005;366(9499):1809\u201320.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6719_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Thornton-Evans GO, Genco RJ, CDC Periodontal Disease Surveillance workgroup: James Beck (University of North Carolina CH, U. S. A.), Gordon Douglass (Past President, American Academy of Periodontology), R.y Page (University of Washin. Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. 2012;91(10):914\u201320.","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512457373"},{"key":"6719_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00189","volume":"5","author":"E Ioannidou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ioannidou E. The Sex and Gender Intersection in Chronic Periodontitis. Front Public Health. 2017;5:189.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"6719_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514552491","volume":"93","author":"NJ Kassebaum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kassebaum NJ, Bernab\u00e9 E, Dahiya M, Bhandari B, Murray CJ, Marcenes W. Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990\u20132010: a systematic review and meta-regression. J Dent Res. 2014;93(11):1045\u201353.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"6719_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.160013","volume":"87","author":"PI Eke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eke PI, Wei L, Thornton-Evans GO, Borrell LN, Borgnakke WS, Dye B, et al. Risk Indicators for Periodontitis in US Adults: NHANES 2009 to 2012. J Periodontol. 2016;87(10):1174\u201385.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6719_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2013.02.006","volume":"57","author":"SL Russell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Russell SL, Gordon S, Lukacs JR, Kaste LM. Sex\/Gender differences in tooth loss and edentulism: historical perspectives, biological factors, and sociologic reasons. Dent Clin North Am. 2013;57(2):317\u201337.","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"6719_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102202","volume":"33","author":"SS Vader","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vader SS, Lewis SM, Verdonk P, Verschuren WMM, Picavet HSJ. Masculine gender affects sex differences in the prevalence of chronic health problems. Prev Med Rep. 2023;33: 102202.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"6719_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104157","volume":"122","author":"S Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su S, Lipsky MS, Licari FW, Hung M. Comparing oral health behaviours of men and women in the United States. J Dent. 2022;122: 104157.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5453-2","volume":"18","author":"SV Kusnoor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kusnoor SV, Koonce TY, Hurley ST, McClellan KM, Blasingame MN, Frakes ET, et al. Collection of social determinants of health in the community clinic setting: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):550.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/1465312518820330","volume":"46","author":"F Geoghegan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geoghegan F, Birjandi AA, Machado Xavier G, DiBiase AT. Motivation, expectations and understanding of patients and their parents seeking orthodontic treatment in specialist practice. J Orthod. 2019;46(1):46\u201350.","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"6719_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebhard CE, S\u00fctsch C, Gebert P, Gysi B, Bengs S, Todorov A, et al. Impact of sex and gender on post-COVID-19 syndrome, Switzerland, 2020. Euro Surveill. 2024;29(2).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.2.2300200"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00595.x","volume":"52","author":"RG Landry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Landry RG, Jean M. Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) Index: precursors, utility and limitations in a clinical setting. Int Dent J. 2002;52(1):35\u201340.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"6719_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222779","volume":"82","author":"S Tarannum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tarannum S, Widdifield J, Wu CF, Johnson SR, Rochon P, Eder L. Understanding sex-related differences in healthcare utilisation among patients with inflammatory arthritis: a population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(2):283\u201391.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"6719_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155798832110163","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883211016361","volume":"15","author":"MS Lipsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lipsky MS, Su S, Crespo CJ, Hung M. Men and Oral Health: A Review of Sex and Gender Differences. Am J Mens Health. 2021;15(3):15579883211016360.","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"6719_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100444","volume":"82","author":"M Furuta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Furuta M, Ekuni D, Irie K, Azuma T, Tomofuji T, Ogura T, et al. Sex differences in gingivitis relate to interaction of oral health behaviors in young people. J Periodontol. 2011;82(4):558\u201365.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6719_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100044","volume":"81","author":"HJ Shiau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shiau HJ, Reynolds MA. Sex differences in destructive periodontal disease: a systematic review. J Periodontol. 2010;81(10):1379\u201389.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6719_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-007-0126-0","volume":"15","author":"P Coda Bertea","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coda Bertea P, Staehelin K, Dratva J, Zemp SE. Female gender is associated with dental care and dental hygiene, but not with complete dentition in the Swiss adult population. J Public Health. 2007;15(5):361\u20137.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"6719_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2003.05.007","volume":"118","author":"A Tada","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tada A, Hanada N. Sexual differences in oral health behaviour and factors associated with oral health behaviour in Japanese young adults. Public Health. 2004;118(2):104\u20139.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"6719_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13707","volume":"49","author":"C Michelson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michelson C, Al-Abedalla K, Wagner J, Swede H, Bernstein E, Ioannidou E. Lack of attention to sex and gender in periodontitis-related randomized clinical trials: A meta-research study. J Clin Periodontol. 2022;49(12):1320\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6719_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00810-7","volume":"18","author":"S Tarannum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarannum S, Leung YY, Johnson SR, Widdifield J, Strand V, Rochon P, et al. Sex- and gender-related differences in psoriatic arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18(9):513\u201326.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"6719_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwad011","volume":"6","author":"LE Targownik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Targownik LE, Bollegala N, Huang VH, Windsor JW, Kuenzig ME, Benchimol EI, et al. The 2023 Impact of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canada: The Influence of Sex and Gender on Canadians Living With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol. 2023;6(Suppl 2):S55\u201363.","journal-title":"J Can Assoc Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06719-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06719-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06719-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T21:26:23Z","timestamp":1757453183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06719-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06719-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval was obtained before the start of the study by \u201cSwiss ethics\u201d (Swiss Association of Research Ethics Committees, BASEC-Nr 2020\u201302864, date of approval: 16th March 2021). Written informed consent of the participants was obtained prior to their inclusion in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1324"}}