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The annotated data were divided into two groups: 80% for training and validation and 20% for testing. The data were used to train the AI model in 2 separate steps: a classification model based on a customized CNN and a segmentation model based on U-Net. A confusion matrix and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were used in the statistical evaluation of the results of the classification model, whereas the Dice-coefficient (DCE) was used to express the segmentation accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>F1 score, testing accuracy, recall and precision values were 0.93, 0.87, 1.0 and 0.87 respectively, for the cropped images of MB root of maxillary 1st molar teeth in the testing group. The testing loss was 0.4, and the area under the curve (AUC) value was 0.57. The segmentation accuracy results were satisfactory, where the DCE of training was 0.85 and DCE of testing was 0.79.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>MB2 in the maxillary first molar can be precisely detected and segmented via the developed AI algorithm in CBCT images.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Current Controlled Trial Number NCT05340140.\u00a0April 22, 2022.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06796-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T06:54:32Z","timestamp":1757400872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Two step approach for detecting and segmenting the second mesiobuccal canal of maxillary first molars on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images via artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6257-1753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Mansour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5423-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enas","family":"Anter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9202-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Khater","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mushira M.","family":"Dahaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8606-8353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arwa","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"6796_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2006.04.014","volume":"32","author":"BM Cleghorn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cleghorn BM, Christie WH, Dong CC. 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Int Endod J. 2020;53(5):680\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.13265.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06796-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06796-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06796-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T06:54:38Z","timestamp":1757400878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06796-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06796-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"According to the code of ethics, this study was undertaken after the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University on 25\/1\/2022, and it complies with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1404"}}