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Circular wounds were created (5\u00a0mm diameter*2\u00a0mm depth) in right parotid glands using biopsy puncher. Wounds in group I were left to heal spontaneously while in group II received topical MET treatment. Wounds in group III received topical nanoparticles (NPs), while group IV received topical melatonin loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MET-CNPs). Rats in four groups were euthanized 3, 14, 30 days post-surgery. Salivary glands (SGs) specimens were processed for ordinary Hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) and anti-vimentin immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Other specimens were used to demonstrate Aquaporin 5 (AQP5) expression using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>H&amp;E findings were fibrosis, dilated, congested blood vessels, massive inflammation, and loss of the normal outline of acini with pyknosis and vacuolation after 3 days in all groups. After 14 days in group IV there were newly developed ducts and acini in the wound area. After 30 days in group IV, there was an increase in the development of ducts and acini with restoration of normal acini outline. Anti-vimentin findings were the least immunoreactivity in group IV, with means and standard deviation (SD), 1.466\u2009\u00b1\u20090.107, and highest in positive control 8.330\u2009\u00b1\u20090.214. AQP5 expression was highest after 3 days, 13.836\u2009\u00b1\u20090.004, and lowest after 14 days in group IV 8.612\u2009\u00b1\u20090.004, while in group II it was lowest after 30 days 0.256\u2009\u00b1\u20090.003.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MET-CNPs have better healing and regenerative effects in surgical wounds of rats\u2019 parotid glands, by enhancing the formation of new acini and ductal tissue. Also, through decreasing fibrosis as indicated by suppressed vimentin, and propagating function, as shown by increased expression of AQP5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06869-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:34:08Z","timestamp":1761060848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Melatonin free form versus its chitosan-loaded nano formula impact on wound healing of albino rat\u2019s parotid gland \u201ca histological study\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shimaa S.","family":"Taher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazen Tharwat Abou","family":"Elkhier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham Mokhtar","family":"Aman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essam","family":"Soussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samah K.","family":"Ezzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"6869_CR1","unstructured":"Carlson ER, Ord R. 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