{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:45:06Z","timestamp":1788367506567,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06953-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T15:21:19Z","timestamp":1760455279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: efficacy of vitamin C mesotherapy for gingival hyperpigmentation in adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mina","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"6953_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.91256","volume":"4","author":"Geeti Gupta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gupta Geeti. Management of gingival hyperpigmentation by semiconductor diode laser. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2011;4(3):208\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-2077.91256.","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6953_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2015.071","volume":"3","author":"HanaaM El Shenawy","year":"2015","unstructured":"El Shenawy Hanaa M, Nasry Sherine A, Zaky Ahmed A, Quriba Mohamed AA. Treatment of gingival hyperpigmentation by diode laser for esthetical purposes. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2015;3(3):447\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3889\/oamjms.2015.071.","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"6953_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-015-1797-3","volume":"30","author":"R Bakhshi Mahin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakhshi Mahin R, Somayeh R, Ali. Lasers in esthetic treatment of gingival melanin hyperpigmentation: a review Article. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(8):2195\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-015-1797-3.","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"6953_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_555_18","volume":"23","author":"HM Gul Meisha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gul Meisha HM, Hasan NM, Rizwan G, Robia, Khan Farhan Raza. Most effective method for the management of physiologic gingival hyperpigmentation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Indian Soc Periodontology. 2019;23(3):203\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jisp.jisp_555_18.","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6953_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_207_20","volume":"24","author":"M Sanadi Rizwan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanadi Rizwan M, Deshmukh Revati S. The effect of vitamin C on melanin pigmentation - A systematic review. J Oral Maxillofacial Pathology: JOMFP. 2020;24(2):374\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_207_20.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofacial Pathology: JOMFP"},{"issue":"4","key":"6953_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","volume":"151","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Alessandro L, Jennifer T, Altman Douglas G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"None","key":"6953_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","volume":"343","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Altman DG, G\u00f8tzsche PC, J\u00fcni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2011;343(None):d5928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.d5928.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"6953_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","volume":"22","author":"Sara Balduzzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balduzzi Sara, R\u00fccker gerta, Schwarzer guido. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019;22(4):153\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117.","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"6953_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03978-6","volume":"25","author":"E-M Mohamed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohamed E-M, Sarah E, Amira G, Dalia Y. Ezzatt Ola mohammed. Vitamin C mesotherapy versus topical application for gingival hyperpigmentation: a clinical and histopathological study. Clin Oral Invest. 2021;25(12):6881\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-021-03978-6.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"issue":"None","key":"6953_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4586923","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4586923","volume":"2023","author":"S Chaudhary Dhanashree","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaudhary Dhanashree S, Parwani Simran R, Barkhade Shital G, Minal P, Rajkumar S, Geetanjali, et al. Physiological gingival melanin hyperpigmentation treatment with injectable vitamin C and scalpel technique: A randomised controlled clinical trial. Int J Dent. 2023;2023(None):4586923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/4586923.","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"6953_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03614-7","volume":"23","author":"A Esmat Sara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Esmat Sara A, El-Sayed Naguiba M, Fahmy Rania A. Vitamin C mesotherapy versus diode laser for the esthetic management of physiologic gingival hyperpigmentation: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03614-7.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"None","key":"6953_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299188","DOI":"10.1155\/tswj\/3299188","volume":"2024","author":"AU Haque","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haque AU, Lal N, Kaushal S, Rastogi P, Singhal R. Vitamin C-Based Gingival Depigmentation Versus Surgical Depigmentation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Sci\u00a0World J. 2024;2024(None):3299188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tswj\/3299188.","journal-title":"Sci\u00a0World J"},{"issue":"4","key":"6953_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2016.40","volume":"7","author":"G Suragimath","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suragimath G, Lohana MH, Varma S. A Split Mouth Randomized Clinical Comparative Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Gingival Depigmentation Procedure Using Conventional Scalpel Technique or Diode Laser. J lasers Med Sci. 2016;7(4):227\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/jlms.2016.40. PMID: 28491257; PMCID: PMC5415499.","journal-title":"J lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"6953_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2017.16","volume":"8","author":"J Houshmand Behzad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Houshmand Behzad J, Noushin K, Fatemeh, Talebi Ardakani Mohammad Reza. Efficacy of conventional laser irradiation versus a new method for gingival depigmentation (Sieve method): A Clinical Trial. J Lasers Med Sci. 2017;8(2):88\u201394. PMID: 28652902; PMCID: PMC5474388.","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6953_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2018.07.002","volume":"9","author":"G Negi Rohini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Negi Rohini G, Rajan D, Parveen K, Mukesh B, Vrishti. Kaur Samlok japnit. Ceramic soft tissue trimming bur: A new tool for gingival depigmentation. J Oral Biology Craniofac Res. 2019;9(1):14\u20138. PMID: 30197858; PMCID: PMC6126408.","journal-title":"J Oral Biology Craniofac Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6953_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.27_18-OR-19","volume":"27","author":"MS Bakhshi Mahin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bakhshi Mahin MS, Masoud A, Mohammad R, Somayeh N, Mahshid. Gingival depigmentation by er,cr:ysgg laser and diode laser: a split mouth, clinical trial study. Laser Therapy. 2018;27(3):203\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5978\/islsm.27_18-OR-19. PMID: 32158066; PMCID: PMC7034251.","journal-title":"Laser Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"6953_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13733","volume":"20","author":"AR Hussien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussien AR, Abdullah KF, Zardawi Faraedon M, Al-Karadaghi Tamara. Sardar. Efficacy of 980 Nm diode laser and 2940 Nm er: YAG laser in gingival depigmentation: A comparative study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20(6):1684\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.13733. PMID: 32966666; PMCID: None.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"None","key":"6953_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9424793","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9424793","volume":"2021","author":"JHZ Kamel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamel JHZ, Walid E-S. Gingival Depigmentation Using Diode 980 nm and Erbium-YAG 2940 nm Lasers: A Split-Mouth Clinical Comparative Study. Int J dentistry 2021 2021(None. 2021;2021(None):9424793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9424793. PMID: 34992657; PMCID: PMC8727139.","journal-title":"Int J dentistry 2021 2021(None"},{"issue":"1","key":"6953_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-023-03738-w","volume":"38","author":"Ekin Be\u015firo\u011flu-Turgut","year":"2023","unstructured":"Be\u015firo\u011flu-Turgut Ekin, Kayaalt\u0131-Y\u00fcksek sibel. Comparison of er,cr:ysgg laser and diode laser in the treatment of gingival melanin pigmentation: a randomized clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2023;38(1):79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-023-03738-w.","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"6953_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10120238","volume":"10","author":"TH Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran TH, Nguyen QLD, Do TT, Truong KN, Dang QV, Bui MTN. Evaluation of carbon dioxide laser-assisted treatment for gingival melanin hyperpigmentation. Dent J Basel. 2022;10(12):238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj10120238.","journal-title":"Dent J Basel"},{"issue":"8","key":"6953_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27954","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27954","volume":"14","author":"S Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan S, Dhadse P, Bajaj P, Subhadarsanee C. A comparison between the efficacy of scalpel and laser procedures for treating gingival hyperpigmentation: A case report. Cureus. 2022;14(8):e27954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.27954.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"6953_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080409","volume":"80","author":"T Shimada Yasuko","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shimada Yasuko T, Hideaki T, Aya I-S, Ikuyo T, Keiji Y, Yasuhiro, et al. Effects of ascorbic acid on gingival melanin pigmentation in vitro and in vivo. J Periodontol. 2009;80(2):317\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.2009.080409.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6953_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48417","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.48417","volume":"15","author":"J Sandhu Avreet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sandhu Avreet J, Divya S, Harmesh P, Tanvi K, Navjot S, Tiwana Jaspreet K. Efficacy of topical vitamin C application on healing after gingival depigmentation by scalpel: A case series. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e48417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.48417.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"None","key":"6953_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"None","DOI":"10.1002\/cap.10327","volume":"None","author":"A Dawar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dawar A, Haidrus R, Kumar Das S. Vitamin C mesotherapy with microneedling for gingival depigmentation: A case study. Clin Adv\u00a0Periodontics. 2025;None(None):None. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cap.10327.","journal-title":"Clin Adv\u00a0Periodontics"},{"issue":"1","key":"6953_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76925","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.76925","volume":"17","author":"M Sanadi Rizwan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sanadi Rizwan M, Deshmukh Revati S. Evaluation of gingival depigmentation using different surgical techniques and prevention of repigmentation with vitamin C: A clinical study. Cureus. 2025;17(1):e76925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.76925.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"6953_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04336.x","volume":"49","author":"YK Choi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choi YK, Rho YK, Yoo KH, Lim YY, Li K, Kim BJ, et al. Effects of vitamin C vs. multivitamin on melanogenesis: comparative study in vitro and in vivo. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(2):218\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04336.x.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6953_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16353","volume":"23","author":"X Liao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liao X, Cheng F, Jiang Y. Efficacy and safety of mesotherapy with tranexamic acid versus vitamin C in the treatment of melasma: a meta-analysis and systemic review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024;23(9):2785\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.16353.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6953_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16548","volume":"23","author":"B Iranmanesh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iranmanesh B, Rastaghi F, Hashemi NS, Kaveh R. Comparison of the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma versus tranexamic acid plus vitamin C mesotherapy in the treatment of periorbital hyperpigmentation: a split-site, randomized clinical trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024;23(12):4066\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.16548.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6953_CR29","first-page":"476","volume":"15","author":"JH Herndon Jr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herndon JH Jr, Jiang LI, Kononov T, Fox T. An open label clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of a retinol and vitamin C facial regimen in women with Mild-to-Moderate hyperpigmentation and photodamaged facial skin. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(4):476\u201382.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06953-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06953-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06953-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T15:21:26Z","timestamp":1760455286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06953-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06953-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1620"}}