{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T01:44:13Z","timestamp":1771638253107,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07006-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:31:45Z","timestamp":1761046305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating geographic tongue severity: a cross-sectional study on symptoms and potential risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Bilg\u00fcn","family":"\u00c7eti\u0307n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derya","family":"\u0130\u00e7\u00f6z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"7006_CR1","unstructured":"Shareef S, Ettefagh L. Geographic Tongue. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright \u00a9 2024, StatPearls Publishing LLC. 2024. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554466\/."},{"issue":"36","key":"7006_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1424","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.202855","volume":"193","author":"VJ Prasanth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prasanth VJ, Singh A, Geographic tongue. CMAJ. 2021;193(36):E1424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.202855.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"7006_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2019.12.007","volume":"129","author":"BLS Picciani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Picciani BLS, Santos LR, Teixeira-Souza T, et al. Geographic tongue severity index: a new and clinical scoring system. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2020;129(4):330\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2019.12.007.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"5","key":"7006_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2019.05.001","volume":"110","author":"I Ogueta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ogueta I, Ram\u00edrez M, Jim\u00e9nez C, Cifuentes M. Geographic tongue: what a dermatologist should know. Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas (Engl Ed). 2019;110(5):341\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adengl.2019.05.001.","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"2","key":"7006_CR5","first-page":"124","volume":"24","author":"RS Redman","year":"1972","unstructured":"Redman RS, Shapiro B, Gorlin R. Hereditary component in the etiology of benign migratory glossitis. Am J Hum Genet. 1972;24(2):124. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC1762205\/.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"7006_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2015.1087046","volume":"74","author":"A Dafar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dafar A, \u00c7evik-Aras H, Robledo-Sierra J, Mattsson U, Jontell M. Factors associated with geographic tongue and fissured tongue. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74(3):210\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016357.2015.1087046.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"7006_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2020.05.025","volume":"122","author":"TNA Dick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dick TNA, Santos LR, Carneiro S, et al. Investigation of oral atopic diseases: correlation between geographic tongue and fungiform papillary glossitis. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;122(3):283\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jormas.2020.05.025.","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"7006_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000083509","volume":"210","author":"J Schmitt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schmitt J, Wozel G. The psoriasis area and severity index is the adequate criterion to define severity in chronic plaque-type psoriasis. Dermatology. 2005;210(3):194\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000083509.","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"23","key":"7006_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5493","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235493","volume":"10","author":"BLS Picciani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Picciani BLS, Santos LR, Amin TN, et al. Applicability of the geographic tongue area and severity index among healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional clinical validation of a newly developed geographic tongue scoring system. J Clin Med. 2021;10(23):5493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10235493.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"7006_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2022.05.006","volume":"134","author":"C Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang C, Pan D, Li Y, Hu Y, Li T, Zhou Y. The risk factors associated with geographic tongue in a Southwestern Chinese population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2022;134(3):342\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2022.05.006.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"1","key":"7006_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5005\/jcdp-6-1-123","volume":"6","author":"A Jainkittivong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jainkittivong A, Langlais RP. Geographic tongue: clinical characteristics of 188 cases. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2005;6(1):123\u201335. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15719084\/.","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"7006_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.04.036","volume":"110","author":"M Goregen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goregen M, Melikoglu M, Miloglu O, Erdem T. Predisposition of allergy in patients with benign migratory glossitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;110(4):470\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.04.036.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"4","key":"7006_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01208.x","volume":"12","author":"J Shulman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shulman J, Carpenter W. Prevalence and risk factors associated with geographic tongue among US adults. Oral Dis. 2006;12(4):381\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01208.x.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"7006_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2012.04.006","volume":"114","author":"V Ching","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ching V, Grushka M, Darling M, Su N. Increased prevalence of geographic tongue in burning mouth complaints: a retrospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2012;114(4):444\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2012.04.006.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"12","key":"7006_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.15226","volume":"21","author":"Y Horiuchi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Horiuchi Y. Geographic tongue: what is this disease? JDDG. J Der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 2023;21(12):1465\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ddg.15226.","journal-title":"J Der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft"},{"issue":"2","key":"7006_CR16","first-page":"215","volume":"42","author":"M Honarmand","year":"2013","unstructured":"Honarmand M, Mollashahi LF, Shirzaiy M, Sehhatpour M. Geographic tongue and associated risk factors among Iranian dental patients. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(2):215. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3595651\/.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"7006_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600397","volume":"197","author":"G Seumois","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seumois G, Zapardiel-Gonzalo J, White B, et al. Transcriptional profiling of Th2 cells identifies pathogenic features associated with asthma. J Immunol. 2016;197(2):655\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1600397.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"7006_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265531","volume":"17","author":"KS Fakhruddin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fakhruddin KS, Samaranayake LP, Buranawat B, Ngo H. Oro-facial mucocutaneous manifestations of coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(6):e0265531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265531.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7006_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13570","volume":"28","author":"S Tomo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tomo S, Miyahara GI, Simonato LE. Oral mucositis in a SARS-CoV\u20102\u2010infected patient: secondary or truly associated condition? Oral Dis. 2022;28:963\u20137.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"7006_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandao TB, Gueiros LA, Melo TS, Prado-Ribeiro AC, Nesrallah ACFA, Prado GVB, Santos-Silva AR, Migliorati CA. Oral lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: could the oral cavity be a target organ? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2021;131(2):e45\u201351.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2020.07.014"},{"issue":"4","key":"7006_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040757","volume":"10","author":"G Favia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Favia G, Tempesta A, Barile G, Brienza N, Capodiferro S, Vestito MC, Crudele L, Procacci V, Ingravallo G, Maiorano E. Covid-19 symptomatic patients with oral lesions: clinical and histopathological study on 123 cases of the university hospital policlinic of Bari with a purpose of a new classification. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):757.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"7006_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ZE06","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/9101.5171","volume":"8","author":"B Tarakji","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tarakji B, Umair A, Babaker Z, et al. Relation between psoriasis and geographic tongue. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(11):ZE06\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/9101.5171.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"7006_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13095","volume":"49","author":"M Olejnik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olejnik M, Osmola-Ma\u0144kowska A, \u015alebioda Z, Adamski Z, Dorocka-Bobkowska B. Oral mucosal lesions in psoriatic patients based on disease severity and treatment approach. J Oral Pathol Med. 2020;49(8):822\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jop.13095.","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"7006_CR24","unstructured":"Costa SC, Hirota SK, Takahashi M, Andrade H Jr, Migliari DA. Oral lesions in 166 patients with cutaneous psoriasis: a controlled study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(8):e371-375. Available from: http:\/\/www.medicinaoral.com\/medoralfree01\/v14i8\/medoralv14i8p371.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"7006_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2024.01.006","volume":"99","author":"Y Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu Y, Li Y, Yan W, Zhou Y. Association of psoriasis with geographic and fissured tongue in the Han population in Southwestern China. Bras Dermatol. 2024;99(6):826\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abd.2024.01.006.","journal-title":"Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7006_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12616","volume":"29","author":"HF Gonzaga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gonzaga HF, Chaves MD, Gonzaga LH, et al. Environmental factors in benign migratory glossitis and psoriasis: retrospective study of the association of emotional stress and alcohol and tobacco consumption with benign migratory glossitis and cutaneous psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(3):533\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.12616.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"7006_CR27","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Oral pathology: clinical pathologic correlations","author":"JA Regezi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Regezi JA, Sciubba J, Jordan RC. Oral pathology: clinical pathologic correlations. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016. p. 95.","edition":"6"},{"key":"7006_CR28","unstructured":"Dudko A, Kurnatowska AJ, Kurnatowski P. Prevalence of fungi in cases of geographical and fissured tongue. Annals Parasitol 2013; 59(3):113\u20137."},{"issue":"9","key":"7006_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rceng.2018.05.009","volume":"218","author":"L Gonz\u00e1lez-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-\u00c1lvarez L, Garc\u00eda-Pola MJ, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn JM. Geographic tongue: predisposing factors, diagnosis and treatment. A systematic review. Revista Cl\u00ednica Espa\u00f1ola (English Edition). 2018;218(9):481\u20138.","journal-title":"Revista Cl\u00ednica Espa\u00f1ola (English Edition)"},{"key":"7006_CR30","unstructured":"Hamissi J, EsFehani M, Hamissi Z. Treatment of geographic tongue superimposing fissured tongue: A literature review with case report. Scholar J Dent Sci. 2015;2(7):409\u201313."},{"issue":"2","key":"7006_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5603\/fm.101042","volume":"83","author":"TNA Dick","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dick TNA, Santos LR, Gon\u00e7alves KS, et al. Study of the correlation between the extent and clinical severity, and the histopathological characteristics of geographic tongue. Folia Morphol. 2024;83(2):123\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/fm.101042.","journal-title":"Folia Morphol"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07006-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07006-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07006-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:03:35Z","timestamp":1761091415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07006-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07006-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethical approval from the Selcuk University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (2023\/33). This is a cross-sectional prospective study, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before capturing tongue photographs.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1647"}}