{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:00:04Z","timestamp":1781614804718,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018778","name":"Al-Azhar University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to assess the influence of Bioactive glass nanoparticle (BAG-np) and Chitosan nanoparticle (CSNP) as intracanal medications compared with triple antibiotic paste (TAP) on the release of TGF-\u03b21 from radicular dentin via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty dentin discs (1-mm thick) were horizontally cut from roots of 40 teeth.The samples were submerged in 20\u00a0ml of 1.5% NaOCL, followed by submersion in 20\u00a0ml 17% of EDTA, after which they were distributed equally into 2 experimental groups (I, II) and 2 control groups (III, IV) (10 samples each). Group I: (BAG-np), group II: (CSNP), group III: (TAP) (positive control) and group IV: nonmedicated (negative control). After 3 weeks, the medications were removed via Phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and the samples were subsequently submerged in PBS for 24\u00a0h at 37\u00a0\u00b0C. The medium from the samples was collected and used to measure the TGF-\u03b21 concentration via ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a statistically significant difference between the BAG-np, CSNP, and nonmedicated groups compared to the TAP group (P-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The highest value of released (TGF-\u03b21) was recorded in the CSNP group, followed by the BAG-np group, then the nonmedicated group, whereas the lowest value was recorded in the TAP group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BAG-np and CSNP induce the release of TGF-\u03b21after irrigation with 1.5% NaOCl and 17%EDTA, significantly greater than TAP. Accordingly, BAG-np and CSNP may be used as alternatives to TAP in regenerative endodontic procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07018-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T13:23:26Z","timestamp":1760621006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Chitosan and bioactive glass nanomaterials as intracanal medicaments on TGF-\u03b21 release from intraradicular dentin"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sarah Salah","family":"Hashem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Khalefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud Hassan","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemat M.","family":"ELSheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma Abd El-Rahman","family":"Taher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"7018_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(66)90143-5","volume":"22","author":"R -Reeves","year":"1966","unstructured":"Reeves R, Stanley HR (1966) The relationship of bacterial penetration and pulpal pathosis in carious teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 22:59\u201365","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"7018_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"K -Kareem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kareem K, Rasha M. Managements of immature apex: a review. Mod Res Dent J. 2017;1:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Mod Res Dent J"},{"key":"7018_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01214.x","volume":"40","author":"S -Simon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Simon S, Rilliard F, Berdal A, Machtou P. The use of mineral trioxide aggregate in one-visit apexification treatment: a prospective study. Int Endod J. 2007;40:186\u201397.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12606","volume":"49","author":"KM -Galler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galler KM. Clinical procedures for revitalization: current knowledge and considerations. Int Endod J. 2016;49:926\u201336.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.01.031","volume":"43","author":"C -Peng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peng C, Zhao Y, Wang W, Yang Y, Qin M, et al. Histologic findings of a human immature revascularized\/regenerated tooth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Endod J. 2017;43:905\u20139.","journal-title":"Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33587","volume":"104","author":"H -Dhillon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dhillon H, Kaushik M, Sharma R. Regenerative endodontics\u2014Creating new horizons. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater. 2016;104:676\u201385.","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"7018_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200423549","volume":"114","author":"GD -Fischbach","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fischbach GD, Fischbach RL. Stem cells: science, policy, and ethics. J Clin Invest. 2004;114:1364\u201370.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"7018_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-018-0194-y","volume":"5","author":"HF -Duncan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duncan HF, Kobayashi Yand Shimizu E. Growth factors and cell homing in dental tissue regeneration. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2018;5:276\u201385.","journal-title":"Curr Oral Health Rep"},{"key":"7018_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2022.06.027","volume":"18","author":"Y -Bai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai Y, Cheng X, Liu X, Guo Q, Wang Z, et al. Transforming growth factor-\u03b21 promotes early odontoblastic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells via activating AKT, Erk1\/2 and p38 MAPK pathways. J Dent Sci. 2023;18:87\u201394.","journal-title":"J Dent Sci"},{"key":"7018_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S46e55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.06.027","volume":"46","author":"B -Sui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sui B, Wu D, Xiang L, Fu Y, Kou X, et al. Dental pulp stem cells: from discovery to clinical application. Endod J. 2020;46:S46e55.","journal-title":"Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103501","volume":"103","author":"L -Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang L, Ayre WN, Melling GE, Song B, Wei X, et al. Liposomes loaded with transforming growth factor beta1 promote odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. J Dent. 2020;103:103501.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"7018_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.11.007","volume":"39","author":"S -Mathieu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mathieu S, Jeanneau C, Sheibat-Othman N, Kalaji N, Fessi H, et al. Usefulness of controlled release of growth factors in investigating the early events of dentin-pulp regeneration. Endod J. 2013;39:228\u201335.","journal-title":"Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14195829","volume":"14","author":"S -Tavares","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tavares S, Pintor A, Mour\u00e3o CFAB, Magno M, Montemezzi P, et al. Effect of different root Canal irrigant solutions on the release of Dentin-Growth factors: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Mater (Basel). 2021;14:5829.","journal-title":"Mater (Basel)"},{"key":"7018_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/srmjrds.srmjrds_76_20","volume":"12","author":"S -Rai","year":"2021","unstructured":"-Rai S, Rangappa AK. Disinfection in regenerative endodontics and effect 39. of commonly used antimicrobials on stem cell fate: A comprehensive review. SRM J Res Dent Sci. 2021;12:146\u201351.","journal-title":"SRM J Res Dent Sci"},{"key":"7018_CR15","first-page":"1294","volume":"47","author":"S -Alfadda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alfadda S, Alquria T, Karaismailoglu E, Aksel H, Azim AA. Antibacterial effect and bioactivity of innovative and currently used intracanal medicaments in regenerative endodontics.Endod. J. 2021;47:1294\u2013300.","journal-title":"J"},{"key":"7018_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12913","volume":"51","author":"P Montero-Miralles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montero-Miralles P, Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez J, Alonso-Ezpeleta O, Jim\u00e9nez-S\u00e1n- MC, Velasco-Ortega E, et al. Effectiveness and clinical implications of the use of topical antibiotics in regenerative endodontic procedures: a review. Int Endod J. 2018;51:981\u20138.","journal-title":"Int Endod J."},{"key":"7018_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafa H, Kamel W, Abdel Fatah D, Abdelkafy H. Cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of Chitosan and propolis nanoparticles on periodontal ligament stem cells. AJDS. 2022;9:191\u20139.","DOI":"10.21608\/adjg.2022.71484.1373"},{"key":"7018_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_138_23","volume":"27","author":"BR -Prashanth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prashanth BR, Revankar B, Karale R, Moogi PP, Mangala MG, et al. Comparative assessment of nanosized intracanal medicaments on penetration and fracture resistance of root dentin - An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent Endod. 2024;27:17\u201323.","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent Endod"},{"key":"7018_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.126","volume":"104","author":"A -Sireesha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sireesha A, Jayasree R, Vidhya S, Mahalaxmi S, Sujatha V, et al. Comparative evaluation of micron- and nano-sized intracanal medicaments on penetration and fracture resistance of root dentin - An in vitro study. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;104:1866\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"7018_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02119.x","volume":"46","author":"PV -Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Silva PV, Guedes DF, Nakadi FV, P\u00e9cora JD, Cruz-Filho AM. Chitosan: a new solution for removal of smear layer after root Canal instrumentation. Int Endod J. 2013;46:332\u20138.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta P, Sharma S, Jabin S, Jadoun S. Chitosan nanocomposite for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024; 254, Part 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127660"},{"key":"7018_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/000163598422901","volume":"56","author":"P -Stoor","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stoor P, S\u00f6derling E, Salonen JI. Antibacterial effects of a bioactive glass paste on oral microorganisms. Acta Odontol Scand. 1998;56:161\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"7018_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000381690","volume":"17","author":"A -Hoppe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoppe A, Boccaccini AR. Biological impact of bioactive glasses and their dissolution products. Front Oral Biol. 2015;17:22\u201332.","journal-title":"Front Oral Biol"},{"key":"7018_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.07.034","volume":"46","author":"LN -Ferreira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferreira LN, Puppin-Rontani RM, Pascon FM. Effect of intracanal medicaments and irrigants on the release of transforming growth factor beta 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor from cervical root dentin. Endod J. 2020;46:1616\u201322.","journal-title":"Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghonimy F, EL-Gendy AA, Obeid M. Effect of different irrigation protocol on transform growth factor \u03b21 release from dentin matrix and its relation to pulp regeneration (In-vivo study). ASDJ 2019; XXII:103\u2009\u2013\u200913.","DOI":"10.21608\/asdj.2019.164511"},{"key":"7018_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2021.46.e58","volume":"46","author":"MF -Obeid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Obeid MF, El-Batouty KM, Aslam M. The effect of using nanoparticles in bioactive glass on its antimicrobial properties. Restor Dent Endod. 2021;46:e58.","journal-title":"Restor Dent Endod"},{"key":"7018_CR27","first-page":"255","volume":"13","author":"MM -Hussein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hussein MM, Abdallah AM, Mokhles NA, Meheissen MA. An ex vivo study to determine the antibacterial efficacy of Chitosan nanoparticles, calcium hydroxide and double antibiotic paste as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Endo EPT. 2019;13:255\u201363.","journal-title":"Endo EPT"},{"key":"7018_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0835-0","volume":"19","author":"MM -El-Tayeb","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Tayeb MM, Abu-Seida AM, El Ashry SH, El-Hady SA. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of propolis on regenerative potential of necrotic immature permanent teeth in dogs. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19:174\u201386.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"7018_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15060139","volume":"15","author":"G -Bilvinaite","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bilvinaite G, Drukteinis S, Simoliunas E, Widbiller M, Sakirzanovas S. Effect of calcium Silicate-Based intracanal medicament and calcium hydroxide on growth factor TGF-\u03b21 release from root Canal dentine. J Funct Biomater. 2024;15:139\u201340.","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"7018_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.126","volume":"104","author":"A -Sireeshaa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sireeshaa A, Jayasreeb R, Vidhyaa S, Mahalaxmia S, Sujathaa V, et al. Comparative evaluation of micron- and nano-sized intracanal medicaments on penetration and fracture resistance of root dentin \u2013An in vitro study. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;104:1866\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"7018_CR31","unstructured":"American Association of Endodontists (AAE). AAE clinical considerations for a regenerative procedure 2021. Revised 18 May 2021."},{"key":"7018_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12492","volume":"49","author":"KM -Galler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galler KM, Widbiller M, Buchalla W, Eidt A, Hiller KA, et al. EDTA conditioning of dentine promotes adhesion, migration and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Int Endod J. 2016;49:581\u201390.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/jcd.jcd_461_21","volume":"25","author":"DC -Neelam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neelam DC, Neetu M, Pradnya N, Jaya C. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide, triple antibiotic paste and Bromelain against Enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2022;25:63\u20137.","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent"},{"key":"7018_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4103\/jcd.jcd_183_22","volume":"25","author":"V -Mohammareza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammareza V, Kamyar K, Nazanin Z, Armin S, Hossein NM, et al. Antibacterial efficacy of antibiotic pastes versus calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing: A systematic review and meta-analysis of ex vivo studies. J Conserv Dent. 2022;25:463\u201380.","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent"},{"key":"7018_CR35","first-page":"729","volume":"4","author":"LF -Baghdadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baghdadi LF, Alshehri TA, Reda HA, Aldawood LA, Abualsaud MH, et al. Role Triple Antibiotic Paste Regenerative Endodontics: Rev JOHS. 2024;4:729\u201335.","journal-title":"Role Triple Antibiotic Paste Regenerative Endodontics: Rev JOHS"},{"key":"7018_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_89_23","volume":"41","author":"H -Abdelkafy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelkafy H, Elsheikh HM, Kataia MM, Marzouk RM, Abdeltwab E, et al. Efficacy of using Chitosan and Chitosan nanoparticles as final irrigating solutions on smear layer removal and mineral content of intraradicular dentin. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2023;41:170\u20137.","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"7018_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14112","volume":"57","author":"D -Serrano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Serrano D, Ventura F, Mercade M. Chitosan-based endodontic irrigation solutions and TGF-\u03b21 treatment: creating the most favourable environment for the survival and proliferation of stem cells of the apical papilla in vitro. Int Endod J. 2024;57:1492\u2013504.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR38","first-page":"15","volume":"2508","author":"MS -Tabatabaei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tabatabaei MS, Ahmed M. Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2508:15\u2013134.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"7018_CR39","unstructured":"Alhajj M, Zubair M, Farhana A. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. 2023."},{"key":"7018_CR40","first-page":"123","volume":"6","author":"S -Sultana","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sultana S, Nikaido T, Asafujjoha, Tagami J, Matin K. Storage media to preserve dentin and their effects on the surface properties. Int Chin J Dent. 2006;6:123\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Chin J Dent"},{"key":"7018_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.06.003","volume":"43","author":"G -Schmalz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmalz G, Widbiller M, Galler KM. Signaling molecules and pulp regeneration. Endod J. 2017;43:7\u201311.","journal-title":"Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-009-9248-4","volume":"85","author":"SM -Baker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baker SM, Sugars RV, Wendel M, Smith AJ, Waddington RJ, et al. TGF-beta\/extracellular matrix interactions in dentin matrix: a role in regulating sequestration and protection of bioactivity. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009;85:66\u201374.","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"7018_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12951","volume":"51","author":"Y -Chae","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chae Y, Yang M, Kim J. Release of TGF- \u03b21 into root canals with various final irrigants in regenerative endodontics. Int Endod J. 2018;51:1389\u201397.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR44","first-page":"231","volume":"8","author":"A -Abd El-Hady","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abd El-Hady A, Kamel W, Farid M, Sabry D. Efficacy of Chitosan as final irrigating solution on TGF-\u03b21 release from root Canal dentin and its effect on dental pulp stem cells response. ADJ Girls. 2021;8:231\u201341.","journal-title":"ADJ Girls"},{"key":"7018_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04787-1","volume":"27","author":"S -Quijano-Guauque","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quijano-Guauque S, Bernal-Cepeda LJ, Delgado FG, Castellanos JE, Garc\u00eda-Guerrero C. Effect of Chitosan irrigant solutions on the release of bioactive proteins from root dentin. Clin Oral Invest. 2023;27:691\u2013703.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"key":"7018_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ratih DN, Sari NI, Santosa P, Kaswati N. Time-dependent effect of Chitosan nanoparticles as final irrigation on the apical sealing ability and push-out bond strength of root Canal obturation. Int J Dent. 2020;2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8887593","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8887593"},{"key":"7018_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-022-00274-6","volume":"26","author":"N -Jafari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jafari N, Habashi MS, Hashemi A, Sherazi R, Tanideh N, et al. Application of bioactive glasses in various dental fields. Biomater Res. 2022;26:31.","journal-title":"Biomater Res"},{"key":"7018_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09057-0","volume":"15","author":"M -Kucuk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kucuk M, Quevedo G, Ratakonda M, Aksel H. Antibacterial and biocompatibility properties of bioactive glass and double antibiotic-loaded hydrogels in regenerative endodontic treatment. Sci Rep. 2025;15:23581.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7018_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5960","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235960","volume":"20","author":"HE -Skallevold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skallevold HE, Rokaya D, Khurshid Z, Zafar MS. Bioactive glass applications in dentistry. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:5960.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"7018_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2018.43.e28","volume":"43","author":"A -Parhizkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parhizkar A, Nojehdehian H, Asgary S. Triple antibiotic paste: momentous roles and applications in endodontics: a review. Restor Dent Endod. 2018;43:e28.","journal-title":"Restor Dent Endod"},{"key":"7018_CR51","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"Z -Mohammadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Yaripour S, Sharifi F, et al. A review on triple antibiotic paste as a suitable material used in regenerative endodontics. Iran Endod J. 2018;13:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Iran Endod J"},{"key":"7018_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.26650\/eor.2022200002","volume":"56","author":"E -Sar\u0131\u00e7am","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sar\u0131\u00e7am E, Yusufo\u011flu S\u0130, Kucuk M, Geneci F, Ocak M, \u00c7el\u0131k. H H. Micro-computed tomography assessment of triple antibiotic paste removal using different irrigation methods. Eur Oral Res. 2022;56:49\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur Oral Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07018-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07018-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07018-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:50:09Z","timestamp":1781614209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07018-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07018-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the research ethics committee (REC) of the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, with the primary code (P-EN-21-04) and the final code (REC-PD-25-02a).Consent : the study was performed on extracted teeth. The extracted human teeth used were obtained anonymously from dental clinics, without any identifiable patient data. Therefore, no specific informed consent was required. The study was conducted in accordance with institutional ethical guidelines for the use of biological tissues.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1628"}}