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Although both genes were initially identified in\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from Japanese populations, their geographical prevalence, distribution, and genetic relatedness within Japan remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains carrying\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>cbm<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes across Japan, correlates these findings with clinical data, and analyzes the genetic relatedness of\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive and\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -negative strains using multilocus sequence typing (MLST).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dental plaque specimens were collected from 1248 individuals from eight Japanese cities (Hiroshima, Fukuoka, Nagasaki, Niigata, Okayama, Osaka, Tokushima, and Tokyo) and plated on selective medium for\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolation.\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      was confirmed in 523 subjects by colony morphology and PCR using species-specific primers, and the presence of the\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>cbm<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes was determined by PCR with gene-specific primers. Demographic (age, sex) and oral examination (caries prevalence, caries experience, number of teeth) data were recorded. MLST was employed to genotype selected\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive and\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -negative\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains to assess their clonal relationships.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 523 subjects possessing\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (aged 3\u201390 years), we detected\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive strains in all cities; specifically, the prevalence ranged from 5.5% in Okayama to 25.0% in Tokushima. In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic>cbm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive strains were less common and undetectable in some regions. Furthermore, subjects harboring\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      were significantly older (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and had higher caries prevalence and experience (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). MLST revealed evolutionary relationships among\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive strains across the cities but no discernible region-specific clustering. Clonal relationships partially reflected\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene distribution, particularly for exclusively\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive or\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -negative clonal complexes, but inconsistencies involving serotypes and\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      presence within some clonal complexes and sequence types were also noted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains are widely distributed throughout Japan and are associated with increased age and caries burden. Although core genome analysis revealed some clonal patterns, the non-uniform distribution of the non-core\n                      <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene is likely influenced by horizontal gene transfer, providing\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      with adaptive advantages irrespective of its core genetic background or serotype.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07276-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T13:33:42Z","timestamp":1764077622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans strains possessing genes encoding collagen-binding proteins in the Japanese population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Makoto","family":"Okuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuto","family":"Suehiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinthana","family":"Lapirattanakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Naka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiyo","family":"Matsumoto-Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena","family":"Okawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"7276_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000503309","volume":"54","author":"V Machiulskiene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Machiulskiene V, Campus G, Carvalho JC, Dige I, Ekstrand KR, Jablonski-Momeni A, et al. 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