{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:18:46Z","timestamp":1768295926575,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Gradu-ate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","award":["GRANT NO. XXXX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRANT NO. XXXX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07453-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T02:25:34Z","timestamp":1764901534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative evaluation of clinical performance of bulk-fill composites with incrementally layered conventional composites"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Maliha","family":"Naveed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Adeel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azeem Ul Yaqin","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rizwan","family":"Jouhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Faheemuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Farooq","family":"Umer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"7453_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S42044","volume":"5","author":"BS Bohaty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bohaty BS, Ye Q, Misra A, Sene F, Spencer P. Posterior composite restoration update: focus on factors influencing form and function. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2013;5:33\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02808-3","volume":"23","author":"L Singer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singer L, Fouda A, Bourauel C. Biomimetic approaches and materials in restorative and regenerative dentistry: review Article. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:87.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"7453_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.02.009","volume":"38","author":"PA Da Rosa Rodolpho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Da Rosa Rodolpho PA, Rodolfo B, Collares K, Correa MB, Demarco FF, Opdam NJM, Cenci MS, Moraes RR. Clinical performance of posterior resin composite restorations after up to 33 years. Dent Mater. 2022;38:680\u20138.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"7453_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.10.018","volume":"38","author":"SD Heintze","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heintze SD, Loguercio AD, Hanzen TA, Reis A, Rousson V. Clinical efficacy of resin-based direct posterior restorations and glass-ionomer restorations: an updated meta-analysis of clinical outcome parameters. Dent Mater. 2022;38:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"7453_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11110255","volume":"11","author":"S Rajarajan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rajarajan S, Nathwani N, Nejatian T, Fine P, Leung A. Longevity of anterior composite restorations for localized tooth wear: A scoping review. Dent J. 2023;11:145.","journal-title":"Dent J"},{"key":"7453_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216591","volume":"11","author":"M Elgezawi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elgezawi M, Haridy R, Abdalla MA, Heck K, Draenert M, Kaisarly D. Current strategies to control recurrent and residual caries with resin composite restorations: Operator- and material-related factors. J Clin Med. 2022;11:1456.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"7453_CR7","first-page":"22","volume":"24","author":"M Amin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amin M, Naz F, Ahmed A. Post-operative sensitivity in teeth restored. J Pak Dent Assoc. 2015;24:22\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pak Dent Assoc"},{"key":"7453_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221145673","volume":"102","author":"M Cadenaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cadenaro M, Josic U, Maravi\u0107 T, Mazzitelli C, Marchesi G, Mancuso E, Breschi L, Mazzoni A. Progress in dental adhesive materials. J Dent Res. 2023;102:254\u201362.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"7453_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051124","volume":"15","author":"G Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Silva G, Marto CM, Amaro I, Coelho A, Sousa J, Ferreira MM, Francisco I, Vale F, Oliveiros B, Carrilho E, et al. Bulk-fill resins versus conventional resins: an umbrella review. Polym (Basel). 2023;15:1124.","journal-title":"Polym (Basel)"},{"key":"7453_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41432-023-00905-4","volume":"24","author":"A Sengupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sengupta A, Naka O, Mehta SB, Banerji S. The clinical performance of bulk-fill versus the incremental layered application of direct resin composite restorations: A systematic review. Evid Based Dent. 2023;24:143\u20139.","journal-title":"Evid Based Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E197","DOI":"10.2341\/20-282-L","volume":"47","author":"H Al Nahedh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al Nahedh H, Al-Senan DF, Alayad AS. The effect of different light-curing units and tip distances on the polymerisation efficiency of bulk-fill materials. Oper Dent. 2022;47:E197\u2013210.","journal-title":"Oper Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.19-0221","volume":"62","author":"P Gul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gul P, Alp HH, \u00d6zcan M. Monomer release from bulk-fill composite resins in different curing protocols. J Oral Sci. 2020;62:288\u201392.","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"7453_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18126-7","volume":"12","author":"B Hamza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamza B, Zimmerman M, Attin T, Taub\u00f6ck TT. Marginal integrity of classical and bulk-fill composite restorations in permanent and primary molars. Sci Rep. 2022;12:643.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7453_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S376195","volume":"14","author":"BS Strini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strini BS, Marques JF, de Pereira L, Sobral-Souza R, Pecorari DF, Liporoni VGA, Aguiar PCS. Comparative evaluation of bulk-fill composite resins: Knoop microhardness, diametral tensile strength and degree of conversion. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2022;14:225\u201333.","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16124215","volume":"16","author":"MS Ibrahim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ibrahim MS, AlKhalefah AS, Alsaghirat AA, Alburayh RA, Alabdullah NA. Comparison between different bulk-fill and incremental composite materials used for class II restorations in primary and permanent teeth: in vitro assessments. Mater (Basel). 2023;16:4215.","journal-title":"Mater (Basel)"},{"key":"7453_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12250","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12210","volume":"8","author":"Y Bayraktar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bayraktar Y, Ercan E, Hamidi MM, \u00c7olak H. One-year clinical evaluation of different types of bulk-fill composites. J Investig Clin Dent. 2017;8:e12250.","journal-title":"J Investig Clin Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.2004.tb00446.x","volume":"16","author":"GC Lopes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lopes GC, Vieira LCC, Araujo \u00c9. Direct composite resin restorations: A review of some clinical procedures to achieve predictable results in posterior teeth. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2004;16:19\u201331.","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2016.01.011","volume":"46","author":"D Hickey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hickey D, Sharif O, Janjua F, Brunton PA. Bulk dentine replacement versus incrementally placed resin composite: A randomised controlled clinical trial. J Dent. 2016;46:18\u201322.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.09.011","volume":"28","author":"RM Carvalho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carvalho RM, Manso AP, Geraldeli S, Tay FR, Pashley DH. Durability of bonds and clinical success of adhesive restorations. Dent Mater. 2012;28:72\u201386.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"7453_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"34","author":"G Berkowitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berkowitz G, Spielman H, Matthews A, Vena D, Craig R, Curro F, Thompson V. Postoperative hypersensitivity and its relationship to Preparation variables in class I resin-based composite restorations: findings from the PEARL Network. Part 1. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013;34:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15092113","volume":"15","author":"HY G\u00f6nder","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00f6nder HY, Mohammadi R, Harmankaya A, Y\u00fcksel \u0130B, Fidanc\u0131o\u011flu YD, Karabekiro\u011flu S. Teeth restored with bulk\u2013fill composites and conventional resin composites: investigation of stress distribution and fracture lifespan via finite element analysis. Polym (Basel). 2023;15:2113.","journal-title":"Polym (Basel)"},{"key":"7453_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3329\/bsmmuj.v11i1.35104","volume":"11","author":"MFH Talukder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Talukder MFH, Hossain M, Moral MAA. Clinical evaluation of bulk-fill composite resin and layered composite resin restoration in class I cavity of permanent molar teeth. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med Univ J. 2018;11:29\u201335.","journal-title":"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med Univ J"},{"key":"7453_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.173205","volume":"19","author":"N Kapoor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kapoor N, Bahuguna N, Anand S. Influence of composite insertion technique on gap formation. J Conserv Dent. 2016;19:77\u201381.","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2011.07.004","volume":"39","author":"MJ Roggendorf","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roggendorf MJ, Kr\u00e4mer N, Appelt A, Naumann M, Frankenberger R. Marginal quality of flowable 4-mm base vs. conventionally layered resin composite. J Dent. 2011;39:643\u20137.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR25","first-page":"191","volume":"17","author":"SD Heintze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heintze SD, Monreal D, Peschke A. Marginal quality of class II composite restorations placed in bulk compared to an incremental technique: evaluation with SEM and stereomicroscope. J Adhes Dent. 2015;17:191\u20139.","journal-title":"J Adhes Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.04.038","volume":"28","author":"S El-Safty","year":"2012","unstructured":"El-Safty S, Silikas N, Watts DC. Creep deformation of restorative resin-composites intended for bulk-fill placement. Dent Mater. 2012;28:928\u201335.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"7453_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs5060149","volume":"5","author":"RA Ajaj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ajaj RA, Farsi NJ, Alzain L, Nuwaylati N, Ghurab R, Nassar HM. Dental bulk-fill resin composites polymerisation efficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Compos Sci. 2021;5:103.","journal-title":"J Compos Sci"},{"key":"7453_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veloso SRM, Lemos CAA, de Moraes SLD, do Egito Vasconcelos BC, Pellizzer EP, de Melo Monteiro GQ. Clinical performance of bulk-fill and conventional resin composite restorations in posterior teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23:221\u201333.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2429-7"},{"key":"7453_CR29","first-page":"95","volume":"19","author":"A Van Ende","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Ende A, De Munck J, Lise DP, Van Meerbeek B. Bulk-fill composites: A review of the current literature. J Adhes Dent. 2017;19:95\u2013110.","journal-title":"J Adhes Dent"},{"key":"7453_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020556","volume":"11","author":"J L\u00f3pez-Torres","year":"2023","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Torres J, Hern\u00e1ndez-Caba K, Cervantes-Ganoza L, Ladera-Casta\u00f1eda M, Mart\u00ednez-Campos R, Sol\u00eds-Dante F, Brice\u00f1o-Vergel G, Cayo-Rojas C. Microleakage of class II bulk-fill resin composite restorations cured with LED versus quartz tungsten-halogen light: an in vitro study. Biomedicines. 2023;11:1143.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"7453_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13010025","volume":"13","author":"N Ilie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ilie N, Moldovan M, Ionescu AC. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of modern universal-chromatic and bulk-fill resin-based composites developed to simplify dental restorative procedures. J Funct Biomater. 2022;13:25.","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07453-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07453-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07453-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T01:03:47Z","timestamp":1768266227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07453-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07453-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical and Scientific Review Board of Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi (Ref: FEB-2017-OPR02) on 17th February 2017. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. For those younger than 16 years, consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"55"}}