{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T17:54:25Z","timestamp":1793987665079,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012957","name":"Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t Jena","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Odontogenic infections remain a frequent cause of hospitalization and can progress to systemic complications with substantial resource use. Reliable risk stratification is needed to guide early management. Therefore, this study aimed to identify independent risk factors for systemic complications and prolonged hospitalization in odontogenic infections, and to examine trends in case frequency over a 12-year period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis of 997 surgically treated inpatient cases from 2012 to 2023 was conducted. Clinical outcomes of interest were systemic complications and prolonged hospitalization (\u2265\u200910 days). Associations with clinical and demographic variables were evaluated using bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions. Multivariable models were validated by bootstrap resampling and receiver operating characteristic analyses. Case volume trends were analyzed using Poisson and negative binomial regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Annual hospitalization rates for odontogenic infections increased significantly over the study period (IRR 1.043; 95% CI: 1.025\u20131.063;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.001), despite an overall decline in inpatient admissions. Systemic complications occurred in 3.8% of cases and were independently associated with age (aOR: 1.040 per year; 95% CI: 1.019\u20131.061;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), COPD (aOR: 3.707; 95% CI: 1.569\u20138.761;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), chronic alcohol addiction (aOR: 5.625; 95% CI: 2.270\u201313.937;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and multi-space involvement (aOR: 5.492; 95% CI: 2.379\u201312.681;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Prolonged hospitalization occurred in 6.7% and was independently predicted by multi-space involvement (aOR: 8.381; 95% CI: 4.390\u201316.000;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age, COPD, chronic alcohol addiction, and multi-space involvement independently predict systemic complications in odontogenic infections. Multi-space involvement also identifies patients at risk for prolonged hospitalization. The increasing burden of odontogenic infections highlights the need for a clinical risk score to enable early risk stratification, guide triage, and improve interdisciplinary management while reducing treatment costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07517-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T05:18:00Z","timestamp":1765516680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Predictors of systemic complications and prolonged hospitalization in odontogenic infections: a 12-year retrospective analysis of 997 cases"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1049-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schultze-Mosgau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Tolksdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"7517_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4477.2000.tb00302.x","volume":"47","author":"JH Clarke","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clarke JH. Toothaches and death. J Hist Dent. 1999;47:11\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1747-4477.2000.tb00302.x.","journal-title":"J Hist Dent"},{"key":"7517_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1504300515","volume":"43","author":"K Sundararajan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sundararajan K, Gopaldas JA, Somehsa H, Edwards S, Shaw D, Sambrook P. Morbidity and mortality in patients admitted with submandibular space infections to the intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2015;43:420\u20132. PMID: 25943620.","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"7517_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-5950.183867","volume":"6","author":"RK Bali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bali RK, Sharma P, Gaba S, Kaur A, Ghanghas P. A review of complications of odontogenic infections. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2015;6:136\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0975-5950.183867.","journal-title":"Natl J Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1671","volume":"16","author":"B Mahmoodi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mahmoodi B, Weusmann J, Azaripour A, Braun B, Walter C, Willershausen B Odontogenic infections: A 1-year retrospective study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015;16:253\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1671.","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"7517_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0866-6","volume":"19","author":"H Weise","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weise H, Naros A, Weise C, Reinert S, Hoefert S. Severe odontogenic infections with septic progress - a constant and increasing challenge: a retrospective analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19:173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-019-0866-6.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"7517_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2014.06.003","volume":"118","author":"V Allareddy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allareddy V, Rampa S, Nalliah RP, Allareddy V. Longitudinal discharge trends and outcomes after hospitalization for mouth cellulitis and Ludwig angina. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014;118:524\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2014.06.003.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"7517_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05663-w","volume":"28","author":"A Meisgeier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meisgeier A, Pienkohs S, D\u00fcrrschnabel F, Neff A, Halling F Rising incidence of severe maxillofacial space infections in Germany. Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28:264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-024-05663-w.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"7517_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2021.08.122","volume":"79","author":"S Drew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drew S, Lazar A, Amin D, Abramowicz S Odontogenic infections are more frequent and more severe during COVID-19 pandemic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;79:e88\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2021.08.122.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.07.009","volume":"83","author":"D Robertson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robertson D, Smith AJ. Significant increase in hospital admissions for the management of severe dental infection in England 2000\u20132020. J Infect. 2021;83:496\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.07.009.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"7517_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.01.011","volume":"58","author":"B Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu B, McGowan K, Sun JH, Batstone M. Increasing frequency and severity of odontogenic infection requiring hospital admission and surgical management. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;58:409\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.01.011.","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32354-6_5","volume-title":"Komplikationen in der Kranio-Maxillofazialen und oralen chirurgie","author":"R Chigurupati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chigurupati R, Shemkus M. Komplikationen Bei odontogenen und nichtodontogenen infektionen. In: Gassner R, editor. Komplikationen in der Kranio-Maxillofazialen und oralen chirurgie. Cham: Springer; 2023. pp. 101\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-32354-6_5."},{"key":"7517_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2023.101513","volume":"125","author":"R Grillo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grillo R, Balel Y, Brozoski MA, Ali K, Adebayo ET, Da Nacl\u00e9rio-Homem MG. A global science mapping analysis on odontogenic infections. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2024;125:101513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jormas.2023.101513.","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2021.1876916","volume":"79","author":"J Furuholm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furuholm J, Rautaporras N, Uittamo J, Saloniemi M, Sn\u00e4ll J. Health status in patients hospitalised for severe odontogenic infections. Acta Odontol Scand. 2021;79:436\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00016357.2021.1876916.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"7517_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoms.2020.06.007","volume":"33","author":"CC Yew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yew CC, Ng MP, Ling XF, Tew MM. Orofacial infection and influencing factors on prolonged hospital stay: A four year retrospective study of 207 cases. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg Med Pathol. 2021;33:7\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajoms.2020.06.007.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofacial Surg Med Pathol"},{"key":"7517_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.08.002","volume":"14","author":"C Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang C, Tang Y, Zheng M, Yang J, Zhu G, Zhou H, et al. Maxillofacial space infection experience in West china: a retrospective study of 212 cases. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:e414\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.08.002.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7517_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002416","volume":"27","author":"X Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han X, An J, Zhang Y, Gong X, He Y Risk factors for Life-Threatening complications of maxillofacial space infection. J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27:385\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002416.","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1761-1","volume":"269","author":"P Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boscolo-Rizzo P, Stellin M, Muzzi E, Mantovani M, Fuson R, Lupato V, et al. Deep neck infections: a study of 365 cases highlighting recommendations for management and treatment. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;269:1241\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-011-1761-1.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"7517_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.12.002","volume":"43","author":"D Opitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Opitz D, Camerer C, Camerer D-M, Raguse J-D, Menneking H, Hoffmeister B, Adolphs N. Incidence and management of severe odontogenic infections-a retrospective analysis from 2004 to 2011. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015;43:285\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.12.002.","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000009422","volume":"34","author":"P Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li P, He Y, Zhang Y, An J, Yang Y. Risk factors for maxillofacial space infection complications: A retrospective analysis of 457 patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2023;34:2390\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SCS.0000000000009422.","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR20","unstructured":"Th\u00fcringer Landesamt f\u00fcr Statistik. Wanderungen und Bev\u00f6lkerung in Th\u00fcringen 2023. 2024;123:1\u201356."},{"key":"7517_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39549.605602.BE","volume":"336","author":"SJ Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas SJ, Atkinson C, Hughes C, Revington P, Ness AR. Is there an epidemic of admissions for surgical treatment of dental abscesses in the UK? BMJ. 2008;336:1219\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39549.605602.BE.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7517_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105726","volume":"130","author":"A Hajek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hajek A, Gyasi RM, Kostev K, Soysal P, Veronese N, Smith L, et al Multimorbidity clusters and their contribution to well-being among the oldest old: results based on a nationally representative sample in Germany. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2025;130:105726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105726.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"7517_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000533671","volume":"17","author":"T Falter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Falter T, Hennige AM, Schulz A, Gieswinkel A, Lotz J, Rossmann H, et al Prevalence of overweight and Obesity, its Complications, and progression in a 10-Year Follow-Up in the Gutenberg health study (GHS) Obes Facts. 2024;17:12\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000533671.","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"7517_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13902","volume":"36","author":"T T\u00f6nnies","year":"2019","unstructured":"T\u00f6nnies T, R\u00f6ckl S, Hoyer A, Heidemann C, Baumert J, Du Y, et al Projected number of people with diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Germany in 2040 Diabet Med. 2019;36:1217\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.13902.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"7517_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0180","volume":"120","author":"L Walther","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walther L, Junker S, Thom J, H\u00f6lling H, Mauz E. High-Frequency surveillance of mental health indicators in the adult population of germany: trends from 2022 to 2023. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2023;120:736\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0180.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"7517_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200009000-00001","volume":"93","author":"WC Hellinger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hellinger WC. Confronting the problem of increasing antibiotic resistance. South Med J. 2000;93:842\u20138. PMID: 11005340.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"7517_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1548933","volume":"78","author":"A Heilmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heilmann A, Sheiham A, Watt RG, Jordan RA. Common risk factor approach \u2013 Ein integrierter bev\u00f6lkerungsbezogener und evidenzbasierter ansatz zum ausgleich sozialer ungleichheiten in der Mundgesundheit. [The common risk factor approach - An integrated Population- and Evidence-Based approach for reducing social inequalities in oral Health]. Gesundheitswesen. 2016;78:672\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1548933.","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"},{"key":"7517_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39605.430243.3A","volume":"336","author":"DR Moles","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moles DR. Epidemic of dental abscesses? Dental abscesses have increased most among poorer people. BMJ. 2008;336:1323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39605.430243.3A.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7517_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2012.00690.x","volume":"40","author":"S Geyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geyer S, Micheelis W. Changes in problem-based and routine-based healthcare attendance: a comparison of three National dental health surveys. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012;40:459\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2012.00690.x.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"7517_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(05)81214-7","volume":"9","author":"AA Bakathir","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bakathir AA, Moos KF, Ayoub AF, Bagg J. Factors contributing to the spread of odontogenic infections: A prospective pilot study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2009;9:296\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0901-5027(05)81214-7.","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"7517_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-009-0281-5","volume":"14","author":"L Sepp\u00e4nen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sepp\u00e4nen L, Rautemaa R, Lindqvist C, Lauhio A. Changing clinical features of odontogenic maxillofacial infections. Clin Oral Investig. 2010;14:459\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-009-0281-5.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"7517_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62186\/001c.125154","author":"A Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta A, Stead TS, Ganti L. Determining a meaningful R-squared value in clinical medicine. Acad Med Surg. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62186\/001c.125154.","journal-title":"Acad Med Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/tjem.tjem_182_23","volume":"23","author":"\u015eK \u00c7orbac\u0131o\u011flu","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c7orbac\u0131o\u011flu \u015eK, Aksel G. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in diagnostic accuracy studies: A guide to interpreting the area under the curve value. Turk J Emerg Med. 2023;23:195\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tjem.tjem_182_23.","journal-title":"Turk J Emerg Med"},{"key":"7517_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2007.48.1.55","volume":"48","author":"J-K Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee J-K, Kim H-D, Lim S-C. Predisposing factors of complicated deep neck infection: an analysis of 158 cases. Yonsei Med J. 2007;48:55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3349\/ymj.2007.48.1.55.","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"7517_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-2926-5","volume":"271","author":"C Staffieri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Staffieri C, Fasanaro E, Favaretto N, La Torre FB, Sanguin S, Giacomelli L, et al. Multivariate approach to investigating prognostic factors in deep neck infections. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271:2061\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-014-2926-5.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"7517_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215106001149","volume":"120","author":"H-T Lin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lin H-T, Tsai C-SS, Chen Y-L, Liang J-G. Influence of diabetes mellitus on deep neck infection. J Laryngol Otol. 2006;120:650\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022215106001149.","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"7517_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S377657","volume":"15","author":"P Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang P, Huang Y, Long JA, Five-Year. Retrospective study of 746 cases with maxillofacial space infection in Western China. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:5099\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S377657.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"7517_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-019-0238-9","volume":"41","author":"J Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park J, Lee J-Y, Hwang D-S, Kim Y-D, Shin S-H, Kim U-K, Song J-M. A retrospective analysis of risk factors of oromaxillofacial infection in patients presenting to a hospital emergency ward. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;41:49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40902-019-0238-9.","journal-title":"Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2016.11.004","volume":"55","author":"P Stathopoulos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stathopoulos P, Igoumenakis D, Shuttleworth J, Smith W, Ameerally P Predictive factors of hospital stay in patients with odontogenic maxillofacial infections: the role of C-reactive protein. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;55:367\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2016.11.004.","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-024-02387-y","volume":"24","author":"SM Costa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Costa SM, Trivellato PFB, Sverzut CE, Trivellato AE. An evaluation of risk Factors, Symptoms, treatment and complications of odontogenic infections: a retrospective study of 20 years. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2024;24:36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12663-024-02387-y.","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"key":"7517_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.12.002","volume":"47","author":"N Heim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heim N, Berger M, Wiedemeyer V, Reich R, Martini M. A mathematical approach improves the predictability of length of hospitalization due to acute odontogenic infection: A retrospective investigation of 303 patients. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2019;47:334\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.12.002.","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07517-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07517-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07517-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T17:17:14Z","timestamp":1768843034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07517-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07517-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7399904\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Following the definition of study objectives and methodology, ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Jena University Hospital in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the ICH-GCP (registration number: 2023-2928-Daten). To protect patient privacy, we strictly comply with data privacy and protection laws and regulations and have undergone strict anonymization of all patient data during the collection process. Due to the use of de-identified historical medical records in this study and the fact that the study protocol posed no additional risks to participants, the ethics committee waived informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"111"}}