{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:27:07Z","timestamp":1791556027344,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009827","name":"Alexandria University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Refugees oral health remains underexplored despite high disease prevalence. This study assessed oral health, access to care, and factors associated with dental caries and periodontal disease among refugees in Alexandria, Egypt.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted at Caritas office from June-September 2024. Arabic-speaking refugees aged \u226518 years, residing in Alexandria for \u22656 months were included. Data were collected via a questionnaire and oral examination using Silness and Loe Plaque Index, Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, and Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Negative binomial regression identified factors associated with DMFT, and binary logistic regression identified factors for periodontal pockets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 510 refugees participated (64.1% females, mean age 46.7 \u00b1 14.2 years, 79.0% Sudanese). Mean DMFT was 9.25 \u00b1 5.82 (DT = 5.01, MT = 3.34, FT = 1.02), and mean Plaque Index was 1.49 \u00b1 0.68. Gingivitis was found in 64.51% and periodontal pockets in 12.16%. In multivariable analysis, increased caries prevalence was associated with age (PRR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03\u20132.34), education (illiterate vs. university educated, PRR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08\u20133.49; secondary vs. university educated, PRR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05\u20134.32), low income (PRR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.63), sugary snacks (PRR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.29\u20133.51), and Plaque Index (PRR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.20\u20133.53). Shorter residence (\u22645 years) (PRR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.71\u20130.93) and access to oral healthcare (PRR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.56\u20130.98) were associated with lower DMFT count. Periodontal pockets were associated with male gender (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.34\u20135.17), older age (AOR = 4.48, 95% CI: 2.68\u201310.62), education (illiterate AOR = 5.15, 95% CI: 1.28\u201317.64; secondary AOR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.92\u201314.32), sugary snacks (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.20\u20136.09), smoking (AOR = 3.18, 95% CI: 1.56\u20139.12), Plaque Index (AOR = 3.60, 95% CI: 1.92\u20138.30), and DMFT (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.09\u20136.98).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Refugees had a high burden of oral disease, with significant sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors. Tailored oral health promotion programs are needed for this vulnerable group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07541-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T06:06:20Z","timestamp":1768629980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral health status and access to oral healthcare among adult refugees in Egypt: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9733-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Attia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona K.","family":"ElKashlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May M.","family":"Adham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"7541_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 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