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Since it has demonstrated the potential to kill\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms, this technique has the possibility to be applied to dental caries. However, its efficacy on in vivo cariogenic dental biofilms remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal effect of H\u2082O\u2082 photolysis on in vivo biofilms obtained from volunteers, focusing on its potential application in dental caries treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixteen participants, prescreened for the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\/or lactobacilli in their saliva, wore custom-made splints with hydroxyapatite (HA) discs for 5 days. The discs with 5-day-old biofilms were subjected to H\u2082O\u2082 photolysis or control treatments such as H\u2082O\u2082, light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation, or water for 90\u00a0s, followed by bacterial culturing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Statistical significances were assessed using the Steel\u2013Dwass test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were also used for biofilm evaluation. Discs with treated-biofilms were reinserted for an additional 5 days to evaluate biofilm regrowth and community shifts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SEM confirmed biofilm formation on HA surfaces. Bactericidal assays showed that the 90-s treatment with H\u2082O\u2082 photolysis significantly reduced viable bacterial counts, achieving a 3.5 log colony-forming unit (CFU)\/specimen for total bacteria and a 2.6 log CFU\/specimen for total streptococci, compared with 5.9- and 5.4 log CFU\/specimen in the untreated controls, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). qPCR confirmed that the bacterial proportion was initially equivalent across the groups and remained unchanged after regrowth. The 16\u00a0S sequencing revealed a diverse microbial community dominated by\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus spp<\/jats:italic>\n                      . No significant differences in alpha or beta diversity were observed between the treatment groups even after regrowth.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that the H\u2082O\u2082 photolysis technique can kill bacteria within in vivo biofilms. The observed bactericidal effect supports the potentiality of H\u2082O\u2082 photolysis as a promising adjunctive approach for dental caries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07588-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T06:43:26Z","timestamp":1767077006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of hydrogen peroxide photolysis on viable bacterial count and composition of in vivo dental biofilm\u2014an ex vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Midori","family":"Shirato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lehrkinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Kanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lingstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"\u00d6rtengren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"7588_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12527","volume":"126","author":"M Kilian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kilian M. 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All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. For participation in the study, written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"MS, KN, and TK are members of the academia-industry collaboration laboratory at Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, which receives funding from Luke. Co. Ltd., Sendai, Japan. This academia-industry collaboration was examined and approved by the Conflict-of-Interest Management Committee of Tohoku University. Luke. Co., Ltd., had no role in the study design, data collection, interpretation, or decision to submit the work for publication. AL, PL and U\u00d6 declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"206"}}