{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:55:26Z","timestamp":1789509326613,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Badr University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of various remineralizing agents on Vickers microhardness (HV) and mineral weight percentages (wt%) of bleached enamel during 30 days of storage in artificial saliva.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For HV testing, a total of 154 human specimens were used, including 14 specimens that were assigned to two control groups: a positive (sound unbleached enamel,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097) and a negative control (bleached using a 32% hydrogen peroxide,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097). The remaining 140 specimens were bleached and randomly divided into 20 experimental groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097), based on two factors: remineralizing agents; four agents (potassium nitrate with fluoride, casein-phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride, hydroxyapatite with fluoride, and PAMAM), and storage times; five times (24\u00a0h, 3 days, 7 days, 15 days, and 30 days). For mineral wt%, 110 human enamel specimens were used, including 10 specimens for positive (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095) and negative control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095), and 100 bleached enamel specimens divided into 20 experimental groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095\/group), based on two factors, same as for HV testing. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s HSD post hoc tests (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Remineralizing agents and storage time significantly affected HV of bleached enamel (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). PAMAM showed the highest HV at 7, 15, and 30 days (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Calcium (Ca) wt% was unaffected by either remineralizing agents (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.848) or storage time (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.141). Phosphorus (P) wt% was significantly influenced by both factors (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023, respectively). Fluoride (F) wt% was significantly affected only by the remineralizing agents (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bleaching significantly decreased enamel HV and F wt%, whereas remineralizing agents effectively restored both.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of different remineralizing agents may help counteract the detrimental effects of bleaching on enamel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-07749-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T23:46:31Z","timestamp":1771285591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of the effects of different remineralizing agents on the microhardness and mineral content of bleached enamel along different storage times"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Bassant","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"El-Askary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"7749_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0012","volume":"32","author":"FB da Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"da Silva FB, Chisini LA, Demarco FF, et al. Desire for tooth bleaching and treatment performed in Brazilian adults: findings from a birth cohort. Braz Oral Res. 2018;32:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0012.","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"7749_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05069-0","volume":"27","author":"R Fioresta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fioresta R, Melo M, Forner L, Sanz JL. Prognosis in home dental bleaching: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27:3347\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-023-05069-0.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"7749_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dentre.2022.100055","volume":"2","author":"K Irusa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Irusa K, Alrahaem IA, Ngoc CN, Donovan T. Tooth whitening procedures: a narrative review. Dent Rev. 2022;2:100055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dentre.2022.100055.","journal-title":"Dent Rev"},{"key":"7749_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12152","volume":"27","author":"SR Kwon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kwon SR, Wertz PW. Review of the mechanism of tooth whitening. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2015;27:240\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jerd.12152.","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"7749_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66733-z","volume":"10","author":"JS Ribeiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ribeiro JS, Barboza AS, Cuevas-Su\u00e1rez CE, et al. Novel in-office peroxide-free tooth-whitening gels: bleaching effectiveness, enamel surface alterations, and cell viability. Sci Rep. 2020;10:66733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-66733-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7749_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2022\/v34i577257","volume":"34","author":"G Patil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patil G, Reche A, Paul P. Tooth bleaching and its adverse effects: a review. J Pharm Res Int. 2022;34:35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/jpri\/2022\/v34i577257.","journal-title":"J Pharm Res Int"},{"key":"7749_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2020.79123","volume":"66","author":"A Samaha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Samaha A, Gomaa D. The effect of different remineralizing agents on laser bleached enamel. Egypt Dent J. 2020;66:469\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/edj.2020.79123.","journal-title":"Egypt Dent J"},{"key":"7749_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24028","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24028","volume":"14","author":"K Krishnakumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krishnakumar K, Tandale A, Mehta V, et al. Post-operative sensitivity and color change due to in-office bleaching with the prior use of different desensitizing agents: a systematic review. Cureus. 2022;14:e24028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.24028.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"7749_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02693-2","volume":"22","author":"M Melo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Melo M, Fioresta R, Sanz JL, et al. Effect of highly concentrated bleaching gels on enamel microhardness and superficial morphology, and the recovery action of four remineralizing agents. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22:693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-022-02693-2.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"7749_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ohpd.a37929","volume":"15","author":"D Dionysopoulos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dionysopoulos D, Koliniotou-Koumpia E, Tolidis K, et al. Effect of fluoride treatments on bleached enamel microhardness and surface morphology. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2017;15:169\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3290\/j.ohpd.a37929.","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"7749_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4103\/1687-8574.195707","volume":"13","author":"R Attia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Attia R, Kamel M. Changes in surface roughness of bleached enamel by using different remineralizing agents. Tanta Dent J. 2016;13:179\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1687-8574.195707.","journal-title":"Tanta Dent J"},{"key":"7749_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1590\/1677-3225v14n2a11","volume":"14","author":"AMA Pizani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pizani AMA, Tholt B, Paciornik S, et al. Dental bleaching agents with calcium and their effects on enamel microhardness and morphology. Braz J Oral Sci. 2015;14:154\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1677-3225v14n2a11.","journal-title":"Braz J Oral Sci"},{"key":"7749_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2012.681119","volume":"71","author":"MUS Da Costa Soares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Da Costa Soares MUS, Ara\u00fajo NC, Borges BCD, et al. Impact of remineralizing agents on enamel microhardness recovery after in-office tooth bleaching therapies. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71:343\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016357.2012.681119.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"7749_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23774","volume":"84","author":"K Bilge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bilge K, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 V. Effects of different remineralizing agents on color stability and surface characteristics of the teeth following vital bleaching. Microsc Res Tech. 2021;84:2206\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.23774.","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"7749_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_233_16","volume":"30","author":"DDH Monteiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monteiro DDH, Valentim PT, Elias DC, et al. Effect of surface treatments on staining and roughness of bleached enamel. Indian J Dent Res. 2019;30:393\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_233_16.","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"7749_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05923-5","volume":"25","author":"A Ertem\u00fcr","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ertem\u00fcr A, Yazkan B. Effect of different remineralization agents on the optical properties of bleached enamel. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05923-5.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"7749_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13040818","volume":"13","author":"A Scribante","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scribante A, Poggio C, Gallo S, et al. In vitro re-hardening of bleached enamel using mineralizing pastes: toward preventing bacterial colonization. Materials. 2020;13:818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13040818.","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"7749_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.21608\/adjalexu.2022.130119.1266","volume":"48","author":"E Mousa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mousa E, Abdel-Fattah WM, Afifi R. Surface microhardness of bleached teeth enamel following different remineralizing approaches (in-vitro study). Alex Dent J. 2023;48:139\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/adjalexu.2022.130119.1266.","journal-title":"Alex Dent J"},{"key":"7749_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2021\/136","volume":"10","author":"A Batra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Batra A, Shetty V. Non-fluoridated remineralizing agents: a review of literature. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2021;10:638\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14260\/jemds\/2021\/136.","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"7749_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1603","volume":"12","author":"MK Arifa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arifa MK, Ephraim R, Rajamani T. Recent advances in dental hard tissue remineralization: a review of literature. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2019;12:139\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1603.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"7749_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510376046","volume":"89","author":"NJ Cochrane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cochrane NJ, Cai F, Huq NL, et al. Critical review in oral biology & medicine: new approaches to enhanced remineralization of tooth enamel. J Dent Res. 2010;89:1187\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034510376046.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"7749_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.21263","volume":"38","author":"C Poggio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poggio C, Grasso N, Ceci M, et al. Ultrastructural evaluation of enamel surface morphology after tooth bleaching followed by the application of protective pastes. Scanning. 2016;38:221\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sca.21263.","journal-title":"Scanning"},{"key":"7749_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859560","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2022.859560","volume":"3","author":"F Meyer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meyer F, Enax J, Amaechi BT, et al. Hydroxyapatite as remineralization agent for children\u2019s dental care. Front Dent Med. 2022;3:859560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdmed.2022.859560.","journal-title":"Front Dent Med"},{"key":"7749_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.127612","volume":"24","author":"U Kamath","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kamath U, Sheth H, Mullur D, Soubhagya M. The effect of remin Pro\u00ae on bleached enamel hardness: an in-vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2013;24:690\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-9290.127612.","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"7749_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1159\/000493031","volume":"53","author":"N Philip","year":"2019","unstructured":"Philip N. State of the Art enamel remineralization systems: the next frontier in caries management. Caries Res. 2019;53:284\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000493031.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"7749_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.11.015","volume":"36","author":"M Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan M, Zhang M, Xu HHK, et al. Remineralization effectiveness of the PAMAM dendrimer with different terminal groups on artificial initial enamel caries in vitro. Dent Mater. 2020;36:210\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2019.11.015.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"7749_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.58675\/2974-4164.1587","volume":"10","author":"AA Khater","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khater AA, Jamil WE, Gad NA. The effect of Poly Amido amine dendrimer, nano-hydroxyapatite and their combination on microhardness of demineralized enamel. Al-Azhar J Dent. 2023;10:94\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58675\/2974-4164.1587.","journal-title":"Al-Azhar J Dent"},{"key":"7749_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.55162\/mcds.03.058","volume":"3","author":"V Deokar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deokar V, Mandale MS, Humbe JG, et al. A comparative assessment of remineralization potential of sodium fluoride (NaF) and Poly Amido amine (PAMAM) on artificial caries-like lesion of enamel: an in vitro study. Medicon Dent Sci. 2023;3:10\u201355162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55162\/mcds.03.058.","journal-title":"Medicon Dent Sci"},{"key":"7749_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2011.01323.x","volume":"56","author":"E Gjorgievska","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gjorgievska E, Nicholson JW. Prevention of enamel demineralization after tooth bleaching by bioactive glass incorporated into toothpaste. Aust Dent J. 2011;56:193\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2011.01323.x.","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"7749_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.17.3.035002","volume":"17","author":"Y Sa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sa Y, Wang Z, Ma X, et al. Investigation of three home-applied bleaching agents on enamel structure and mechanical properties: an in situ study. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17:035002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.jbo.17.3.035002.","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"7749_CR31","first-page":"807","volume":"68","author":"J Pytko-Polonczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pytko-Polonczyk J, Jakubik A, Przeklasa-Bierowiec A, Muszynska B. Artificial saliva and its use in biological experiments. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;68:807\u201313.","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"7749_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.05.016","volume":"10","author":"M Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen M, Yang J, Li J, et al. Modulated regeneration of acid-etched human tooth enamel by a functionalized dendrimer that is an analog of amelogenin. Acta Biomater. 2014;10:4437\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.05.016.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"7749_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.03.008","volume":"58","author":"J Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li J, Chen L, Liang K, et al. Regeneration of biomimetic hydroxyapatite on etched human enamel by anionic PAMAM template in vitro. Arch Oral Biol. 2013;58:975\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.03.008.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"7749_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12905","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12905","volume":"130","author":"T Misilli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Misilli T, \u00c7ar\u0131k\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu B, Deniz Y, Akta\u015f \u00c7. The impact of remineralization agents on dental bleaching efficacy and mineral loss in bleached enamel. Eur J Oral Sci. 2022;130:e12905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eos.12905.","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"7749_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.318944","volume":"18","author":"K Goyal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goyal K, Saha SG, Bhardwaj A, et al. A comparative evaluation of the effect of three different concentrations of in-office bleaching agents on microhardness and surface roughness of enamel: an in vitro study. Dent Res J. 2021;18:49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1735-3327.318944.","journal-title":"Dent Res J"},{"key":"7749_CR36","first-page":"891","volume":"25","author":"A Majeed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Majeed A, Farooq I, Grobler SR, Rossouw RJ. Tooth-bleaching: a review of the efficacy and adverse effects of various tooth whitening products. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2015;25:891\u20136.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"7749_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2025.03.002","volume":"41","author":"M Kury","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kury M, Prunes BB, Saraceni CHC, et al. Clinical decision-making in tooth bleaching based on current evidence: a narrative review. Dent Mater. 2025;41:536\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2025.03.002.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"7749_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e772","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.54967","volume":"10","author":"AM Mushashe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mushashe AM, Coelho BS, Garcia PP, et al. Effect of different bleaching protocols on whitening efficiency and enamel superficial microhardness. J Clin Exp Dent. 2018;10:e772\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/jced.54967.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"7749_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.149634","volume":"9","author":"RFL Mondelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mondelli RFL, Gabriel TRC, Rizzante FAP, et al. Do different bleaching protocols affect the enamel microhardness? Eur J Dent. 2015;9:25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1305-7456.149634.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"7749_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.159154","volume":"26","author":"G Kaur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaur G, Sanap AU, Aggarwal SD, Kumar T. Comparative evaluation of two different remineralizing agents on the microhardness of bleached enamel surface: results of an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2015;26:176\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-9290.159154.","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"7749_CR41","first-page":"1204","volume":"69","author":"A Mansoor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mansoor A, Moeen F, Mehmood M, et al. Micro-hardness and mineral content in the healthy tooth enamel. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2019;69:1204\u20139.","journal-title":"Pak Armed Forces Med J"},{"key":"7749_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237x.76388","volume":"1","author":"S Poorni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Poorni S, Kumar RA, Shankar P, et al. Effect of 10% sodium ascorbate on the calcium:phosphorus ratio of enamel bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide: an in vitro quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Contemp Clin Dent. 2010;1:223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-237x.76388.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Dent"},{"key":"7749_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2018.2841","volume":"62","author":"M Scimeca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scimeca M, Bischetti S, Lamsira HK, et al. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis: a powerful tool in biomedical research and diagnosis. Eur J Histochem. 2018;62:89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/ejh.2018.2841.","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem"},{"key":"7749_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/bglass-2016-0001","volume":"2","author":"AN Rastelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rastelli AN, Nicolodelli G, Romano RA, et al. After bleaching enamel remineralization using a bioactive glass-ceramic (BioSilicate\u00ae). Biomed Glasses. 2016;2:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bglass-2016-0001.","journal-title":"Biomed Glasses"},{"key":"7749_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12172683","volume":"12","author":"K Pajor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pajor K, Pajchel L, Kolmas J. Hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite in Conservative dentistry and oral implantology: a review. Materials. 2019;12:2683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12172683.","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"7749_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.21608\/asdj.2023.180541.1160","volume":"32","author":"N Hamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamed N, Nasser M, Ghallab. The effect of different remineralizing agents on microleakage around restored demineralized enamel: an in vitro comparative study. Ain Shams Dent J. 2023;32:26\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/asdj.2023.180541.1160.","journal-title":"Ain Shams Dent J"},{"key":"7749_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54947","DOI":"10.1039\/c7ra11844a","volume":"7","author":"S Tao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tao S, Fan M, Xu HHK, et al. The remineralization effectiveness of PAMAM dendrimer with different terminal groups on demineralized dentin in vitro. RSC Adv. 2017;7:54947\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c7ra11844a.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"7749_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.22037\/jds.v38i2.32175","volume":"38","author":"A Valian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valian A, Salehi EM, Samadi I, et al. Effects of CPP-ACP and Remin-Pro on surface roughness of bleached enamel: an atomic force microscopy study. J Dent Sch. 2018;38:74\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22037\/jds.v38i2.32175.","journal-title":"J Dent Sch"},{"key":"7749_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12110339","volume":"12","author":"J Enax","year":"2024","unstructured":"Enax J, Fandrich P, Schulze zur Wiesche E, Epple M. The remineralization of enamel from saliva: a chemical perspective. Dent J (Basel). 2024;12:339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj12110339.","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"7749_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13623","DOI":"10.1039\/c9ra00091g","volume":"9","author":"Z Cai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cai Z, Wang X, Zhang Z, et al. Large-scale and fast synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite powder by a microwave-hydrothermal method. RSC Adv. 2019;9:13623\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c9ra00091g.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"7749_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22499.1","volume":"9","author":"I Farooq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farooq I, Bugshan A. The role of salivary contents and modern technologies in the remineralization of dental enamel: a review. F1000Res. 2021;9:171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.22499.1.","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"7749_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.4950260404","volume":"26","author":"RA Carlton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carlton RA, Lyman CE, Roberts JE. Accuracy and precision of quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry in the environmental scanning electron microscope. Scanning. 2004;26:167\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sca.4950260404.","journal-title":"Scanning"},{"key":"7749_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13905-8","volume":"14","author":"JR Fernando","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fernando JR, Walker GD, Park TKS, et al. Comparison of calcium-based technologies to remineralise enamel subsurface lesions using microradiography and microhardness. Sci Rep. 2022;14:9888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-13905-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7749_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76387-w","volume":"14","author":"A Jablonski-Momeni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jablonski-Momeni A, Lentz J, Jablonski B, et al. A comparison between in vitro and randomized in situ models for remineralization of artificial enamel lesions. Sci Rep. 2024;14:25295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-76387-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07749-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07749-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07749-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:20:24Z","timestamp":1781634024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07749-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07749-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The use of freshly extracted human teeth in this study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee and Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University (FDASU-REC), with approval number FDASU-RecID032004. The study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. FDASU-REC approved the use of anonymized teeth and waived the requirement for individual patient consent, in accordance with national regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"416"}}