{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:05:37Z","timestamp":1779930337003,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":118,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-07778-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:16:44Z","timestamp":1769753804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the ChatGPT and deepseek models in responding to multiple choice questions related to rehabilitation of completely edentulous patients with complete dentures"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Amar","family":"Bhochhibhoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brijesh","family":"Maskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rejina","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirjana","family":"Dahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"7778_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2023.22","volume":"13","author":"RK Garg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garg RK, Urs VL, Agarwal AA, Chaudhary SK, Paliwal V, Kar SK. Exploring the role of ChatGPT in patient care (diagnosis and treatment) and medical research: A systematic review. Health Promotion Perspect. 2023;13:183.","journal-title":"Health Promotion Perspect"},{"key":"7778_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03299-7","volume":"52","author":"MB Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda MB. Using AI tools in writing peer review reports: should academic journals embrace the use of chatgpt? Ann Biomed Eng. 2024;52:139\u201340.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"7778_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12628","volume":"33","author":"ME Kayaalp","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kayaalp ME, Prill R, Sezgin EA, Cong T, Kr\u00f3likowska A, Hirschmann MT. DeepSeek versus chatgpt: multimodal artificial intelligence revolutionizing scientific discovery. From Language editing to autonomous content generation\u2014Redefining innovation in research and practice. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2025;33:1553\u20136.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"7778_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-024-00226-3","volume":"10","author":"I Batool","year":"2024","unstructured":"Batool I, Naved N, Kazmi SMR, Umer F. Leveraging large Language models in the delivery of post-operative dental care: a comparison between an embedded GPT model and ChatGPT. BDJ Open. 2024;10:48.","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"7778_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.11.022","volume":"76","author":"KV Iserson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iserson KV. Informed consent for artificial intelligence in emergency medicine: A practical guide. Am J Emerg Med. 2024;76:225\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"7778_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-02958-w","volume":"38","author":"M Masalkhi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Masalkhi M, Ong J, Waisberg E, Lee AG. Google deepmind\u2019s gemini AI versus chatgpt: A comparative analysis in ophthalmology. Eye. 2024;38:1412\u20137.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"7778_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.06.001","volume":"129","author":"M Revilla-Le\u00f3n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Revilla-Le\u00f3n M, G\u00f3mez-Polo M, Vyas S, Barmak AB, Gallucci GO, Att W, et al. Artificial intelligence models for tooth-supported fixed and removable prosthodontics: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;129:276\u201392.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"7778_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103390","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13121216","volume":"13","author":"I Gligorea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gligorea I, Cioca M, Oancea R, Gorski A-T, Gorski H, Tudorache P. Adaptive learning using artificial intelligence in e-learning: a literature review. Educ Sci. 2023;13:103390.","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"7778_CR9","first-page":"2022","volume":"18","author":"JH Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim JH. Search for medical information and treatment options for musculoskeletal disorders through an artificial intelligence chatbot: focusing on shoulder impingement syndrome. MedRxiv. 2022;18:2022\u201312.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"7778_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S413470","volume":"31","author":"S Ruksakulpiwat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruksakulpiwat S, Kumar A, Ajibade A. Using ChatGPT in medical research: current status and future directions. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2023;31:1513\u201320.","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"7778_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-03121-w","volume":"51","author":"MR King","year":"2023","unstructured":"King MR. The future of AI in medicine: a perspective from a chatbot. Ann Biomed Eng. 2023;51:291\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"7778_CR12","first-page":"46736","volume":"15","author":"RE Cankurtaran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cankurtaran RE, Polat YH, Aydemir NG, Umay E, Yurekli OT. Reliability and usefulness of Chatgpt for inflammatory bowel diseases: an analysis for patients and healthcare professionals. Cureus. 2023;15:46736.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"7778_CR13","first-page":"e77292","volume":"17","author":"I Kinikoglu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kinikoglu I. Evaluating ChatGPT and Google gemini performance and implications in Turkish dental education. Cureus. 2025;17:e77292.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"7778_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02448-8","volume":"29","author":"AJ Thirunavukarasu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thirunavukarasu AJ, Ting DSJ, Elangovan K, Gutierrez L, Tan TF, Ting DSW. Large Language models in medicine. Nat Med. 2023;29:1930\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"7778_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mondillo G, Colosimo S, Perrotta A, Frattolillo V, Masino M. Comparative evaluation of advanced AI reasoning models in pediatric clinical decision support: ChatGPT O1 vs. DeepSeek-R1. MedRxiv. 2025:2025\u201301.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.01.27.25321169","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.27.25321169"},{"key":"7778_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2025.104791","volume":"10","author":"Y Peng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peng Y, Malin BA, Rousseau JF, Wang Y, Xu Z, Xu X, et al. From GPT to deepseek: significant gaps remains in realizing AI in healthcare. J Biomed Inf. 2025;10:104791.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inf"},{"key":"7778_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kung TH, Cheatham M, Medenilla A, et al. Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: potential for AI-assisted medical education using large Language models. PLOS Digit Health 2(2):e0000198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198"},{"key":"7778_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilson A, Safranek CW, Huang T, Socrates V, Chi L, Taylor RA, et al. How does ChatGPT perform on the united States medical licensing examination (USMLE)? The implications of large Language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. .JMIR Med Educ 2023;9:e45312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/45312.","DOI":"10.2196\/45312"},{"key":"7778_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2024.01.018","volume":"131","author":"Y Freire","year":"2024","unstructured":"Freire Y, Santamar\u00eda Laorden A, Orejas P\u00e9rez J, G\u00f3mez S\u00e1nchez M, D\u00edaz-Flores Garc\u00eda V, Su\u00e1rez A. ChatGPT performance in prosthodontics: assessment of accuracy and repeatability inanswer generation. J Prosthet Dent. 2024;131:659\u2013659.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"7778_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13985","volume":"57","author":"A Su\u00e1rez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez A, D\u00edaz-Flores Garc\u00eda V, Algar J, G\u00f3mez S\u00e1nchez M, Llorente de Pedro M, Freire Y. Unveiling the ChatGPT phenomenon: evaluating the consistency and accuracy of endodontic question answers. Int Endod J. 2024;57:108\u201313.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"7778_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2023.101471","volume":"124","author":"Y Balel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Balel Y. Can ChatGPT be used in oral and maxillofacial surgery? J Stomatol Oral MaxillofacSurg. 2024;124:101471.","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral MaxillofacSurg"},{"key":"7778_CR22","first-page":"e42133","volume":"15","author":"J Mago","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mago J, Sharma M. The potential usefulness of ChatGPT in oral and maxillofacial. Radiol Cureus. 2023;15:e42133.","journal-title":"Radiol Cureus"},{"key":"7778_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2023.05.023","volume":"133","author":"M Dashti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dashti M, Londono J, Ghasemi S, Moghaddasi N. How much can we rely on artificial intelligence chatbots such as the ChatGPT software program to assist with scientific writing? J Prosthet Dent. 2025;133:1082\u20138.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"7778_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2023.07.016","volume":"154","author":"A Danesh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Danesh A, Pazouki H, Danesh K, Danesh F, Danesh A. The performance of artificial intelligence Language models in board-style dental knowledge assessment. J Am Dent Assoc. 2023;154:970\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"7778_CR25","first-page":"77292","volume":"17","author":"I Kinikoglu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kinikoglu I. Evaluating ChatGPT and Google gemini performance and implications in Turkish dental education. Cureus. 2025;17:77292.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"7778_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koidou VP, Chatzopoulos GS, Tsalikis L, Kaklamanos EG. Large Language models in peri-implant disease: how well do they perform? J Prosthet Dent. 2025;134(6):2435\u20132442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.02.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.02.008"},{"key":"7778_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shirani M. Comparing the performance of ChatGPT 4o, deepseek R1, and gemini 2 pro in answering fixed prosthodontics questions over time. J Prosthet Dent. 2025 May 22:S0022-3913(25)00400-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.04.038.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.04.038"},{"key":"7778_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06267-w","volume":"25","author":"T \u00d6zcivelek","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00d6zcivelek T, \u00d6zcan B. Comparative evaluation of responses from DeepSeek-R1, ChatGPT-o1, ChatGPT-4, and dental GPT chatbots to patient inquiries about dental and maxillofacial prostheses. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:871.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"7778_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gheisarifar M, Shembesh M, Koseoglu M, Fang Q. Solmaz Afshari,Chun Yuan. Evaluating the validity and consistency of artificial intelligence chatbots in responding to patients\u2019 frequently asked questions in prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent. 2025;134(1):199\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.03.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.03.009"},{"key":"7778_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.20240037","volume":"54","author":"M Dashti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dashti M, Ghasemi S, Ghadimi N, et al. Performance of ChatGPT 3.5 and 4 on U.S. Dental examinations: the INBDE, ADAT, and DAT. Imaging Sci Dent. 2024;54:271\u20135.","journal-title":"Imaging Sci Dent"},{"key":"7778_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taymour N, Fouda SM, Abdelrahaman HH, Hassan MG. Performance of the ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and Google gemini large Language models in responding to dental implantology inquiries. J Prosthet Dent. 2025;134(6):2427\u20132434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prosdent.2024.12.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2024.12.016"},{"key":"7778_CR32","first-page":"e67766","volume":"16","author":"R Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta R, Hamid AM, Jhaveri M, et al. Comparative evaluation of AI models such as ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4.0, and Google gemini in neuroradiology diagnostics. Cureus. 2024;16:e67766.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"7778_CR33","first-page":"e57348","volume":"16","author":"M Botross","year":"2024","unstructured":"Botross M, Mohammadi SO, Montgomery K, Crawford C. Performance of google\u2019s artificial intelligence chatbot bard (Now Gemini) on ophthalmology board exam practice questions. Cureus. 2024;16:e57348.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"7778_CR34","first-page":"e23104037","volume":"18","author":"D Ueda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ueda D, Mitsuyama Y, Takita H, Horiuchi D, Walston SL, Tatekawa H, Miki Y. Diagnostic performance of ChatGPT from patient history and imaging findings on the diagnosis please quizzes. Radiology. 2023;18:308:e23104037.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"7778_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-06700-2","volume":"25","author":"AMS Eleragi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eleragi AMS, Miskeen E, Hussein K, Rezigalla AA, Adam MIE, Al-Faifi JA, et al. The multiple-choice questions quality at the college of Medicine, university of Bisha, Saudi arabia: a three-year experience. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25:233.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07778-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07778-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07778-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:24:20Z","timestamp":1779927860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07778-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07778-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8186095\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was not required for this study as it did not involve human participants, patient data, biological samples, or clinical interventions.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study does not include any individual person\u2019s data, images, or identifiable information.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"918"}}