{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:36:21Z","timestamp":1788827781599,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology Interdisciplinary Research Support Program","award":["2025JCYJ074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JCYJ074"]}]},{"name":"Wuhan Yingcai \u2013 Outstanding Young Talents Program","award":["PM0218003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PM0218003"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2042022kf1161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042022kf1161"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-07874-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T11:36:40Z","timestamp":1771241800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["AI-driven automation of occlusal surface design in digital prosthodontics: a clinically validated workflow"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xijin","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyue","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenmin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"7874_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global oral health status report: towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030. World Health Organization; 2022. Nov 18."},{"issue":"10367","key":"7874_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02322-4","volume":"400","author":"H Benzian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benzian H, Watt R, Makino Y, Stauf N, Varenne B. WHO calls to end the global crisis of oral health. Lancet. 2022;400(10367):1909\u201310.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"7874_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2001.114685","volume":"85","author":"CJ Goodacre","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goodacre CJ, Campagni WV, Aquilino SA. Tooth preparations for complete crowns: an Art form based on scientific principles. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;85(4):363\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mpr.2001.114685.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"17","key":"7874_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5826","DOI":"10.3390\/app10175826","volume":"10","author":"P-J Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin P-J, Su K-C. Biomechanical design application on the effect of different occlusion conditions on dental implants with different Positions\u2014A. Finite Elem Anal Appl Sci. 2020;10(17):5826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10175826.","journal-title":"Finite Elem Anal Appl Sci"},{"key":"7874_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02847-w","volume":"23","author":"M He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He M, Pu T, Ding Q, et al. Occlusal contact and clearance of posterior implant-supported single crowns designed by two different methods: a self-controlled study. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-02847-w.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"7874_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241271937","volume":"103","author":"F Eggmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eggmann F, Blatz MB. Recent advances in intraoral scanners. J Dent Res. 2024;103(13):1349\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345241271937.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"7874_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28442-1","volume":"13","author":"TH Farook","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farook TH, Ahmed S, Jamayet NB, Rashid F, Barman A, Sidhu P, Patil P, Lisan AM, Eusufzai SZ, Dudley J, Daood U. Computer-aided design and 3-dimensional artificial\/convolutional neural network for digital partial dental crown synthesis and validation. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):1561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28442-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7874_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110272","volume":"109","author":"R Almarza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almarza R, Ghassemieh E, Shahrbaf S, Martin N. The effect of crown fabrication process on the fatigue life of the tooth-crown structure. Materials science & engineering. C Mater Biol Appl. 2020;109:110272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110272.","journal-title":"C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"7874_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","volume":"25","author":"EJ Topol","year":"2019","unstructured":"Topol EJ. High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat Med. 2019;25:44\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"7874_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520969115","volume":"100","author":"T Shan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shan T, Tay FR, Gu L. Application of artificial intelligence in dentistry. J Dent Res. 2021;100(3):232\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034520969115.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"7874_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tian S, Huang R, Li Z, Fiorenza L, Dai N, Sun Y, Ma H. A Dual Discriminator Adversarial Learning Approach for Dental Occlusal Surface Reconstruction. J Healthc Eng. 2022:1933617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/1933617","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1933617"},{"issue":"3","key":"7874_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.02.001","volume":"39","author":"H Ding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding H, Cui Z, Maghami E, Chen Y, Matinlinna JP, Pow EHN, Fok ASL, Burrow MF, Wang W, Tsoi JKH. Morphology and mechanical performance of dental crown designed by 3D-DCGAN. Dent Materials: Official Publication Acad Dent Mater. 2023;39(3):320\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2023.02.001.","journal-title":"Dent Materials: Official Publication Acad Dent Mater"},{"issue":"8","key":"7874_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-023-02841-1","volume":"18","author":"Y Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng Y, Tao B, Fan J, Wang S, Mo J, Wu Y, Liang Q. 3D reconstruction for maxillary anterior tooth crown based on shape and pose Estimation networks. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2023;18(8):1405\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-023-02841-1.","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"7874_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2022.12.004","volume":"131","author":"RCW Chau","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chau RCW, Hsung RT, McGrath C, Pow EHN, Lam WYH. Accuracy of artificial intelligence-designed single-molar dental prostheses: A feasibility study. J Prosthet Dent. 2024;131(6):1111\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prosdent.2022.12.004.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"7874_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2024.103439","volume":"101","author":"G Hosseinimanesh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hosseinimanesh G, Alsheghri A, Keren J, Cheriet F, Guibault F. Personalized dental crown design: A point-to-mesh completion network. Med Image Anal. 2025;101:103439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2024.103439.","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"7874_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2024.06.023","volume":"75","author":"Z Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu Z, Zhang C, Ye X, Dai Y, Zhao J, Zhao W, Zheng Y. Comparison of the efficacy of artificial intelligence-Powered software in crown design: an in vitro study. Int Dent J. 2025;75(1):127\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2024.06.023.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"7874_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.12.005","volume":"38","author":"F Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin F, Ordinola-Zapata R, Ye N, Xu H, Fok ASL. Fatigue analysis of restored teeth longitudinally cracked under Cyclic loading. Dent Materials: Official Publication Acad Dent Mater. 2022;38(1):204\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2021.12.005.","journal-title":"Dent Materials: Official Publication Acad Dent Mater"},{"key":"7874_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32027-3","volume":"13","author":"AM Vincent","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vincent AM, Jidesh P. An improved hyperparameter optimization framework for automl systems using evolutionary algorithms. Sci Rep. 2023;13:4737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-32027-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"17","key":"7874_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173446","volume":"13","author":"J Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan J, Zhao H, Yang R, Liu H, Li S, Liu J. An entropy-weighting method for efficient power-line feature evaluation and extraction from lidar point clouds. Remote Sens. 2021;13(17):3446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13173446.","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"7874_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105767","volume":"159","author":"A Broll","year":"2025","unstructured":"Broll A, Goldhacker M, Hahnel S, Rosentritt M. Morphological effects of input data quantity in AI-powered dental crown design. J Dent. 2025;159:105767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105767.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"7874_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.03.009","volume":"134","author":"M Gheisarifar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gheisarifar M, Shembesh M, Koseoglu M, Fang Q, Afshari FS, Yuan JC, Sukotjo C. Evaluating the validity and consistency of artificial intelligence chatbots in responding to patients\u2019 frequently asked questions in prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent. 2025;134(1):199\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.03.009.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"7874_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, S., Han, J., Lim, S. H., Yoo, J. Y., Kim, S., Song, D., \u2026 Yi, W. J. (2024,October). Dcrownformer: Morphology-aware point-to-mesh generation transformer for dental crown prosthesis from 3d scan data of antagonist and preparation teeth. In International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention(pp. 109\u2013119). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-72089-5_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72089-5_11"},{"key":"7874_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04657-0","volume":"24","author":"HJ Kong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kong HJ, Kim YL. Application of artificial intelligence in dental crown prosthesis: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04657-0.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"7874_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-021-00133-5","volume":"13","author":"Z Duanmu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duanmu Z, Liu L, Deng Q, Ren Y, Wang M. Development of a Biomechanical model for dynamic occlusal stress analysis. Int J Oral Sci. 2021;13(1):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41368-021-00133-5.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07874-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07874-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07874-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:50:09Z","timestamp":1774353009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07874-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-07874-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures were conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles and standards of the institutional and national research committees, and with the 1964 World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Laboratory procedures and study protocols were individually reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (IRB Reference Number: TJ-IRB20230787). The need for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of the Ethics Committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified intraoral scan data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"513"}}