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Twenty sound freshly extracted human mandibular third molars were selected for this study and randomly divided based on manufacturing technique into two groups: CAD\/CAM milled, and 3D printed resin composite inlays. A universal testing machine was used to estimate the fracture resistance, and the mode of failure was investigated for fractured specimens. Inferential statistics for evaluating and comparing milling and 3D-printed manufacturing techniques were carried out via independent samples t tests at the 0.05 significance level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While the 3D printing group recorded numerically higher fracture resistance, no statistically significant difference was found (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Evaluating the mode of failure of the CAD\/CAM milling group specimens revealed that there was no significant difference between all the recorded failure modes (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). On the other hand, a significant difference was revealed between the different recorded modes of failure in the 3D printing group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both 3D-printed, and CAD\/CAM milled resin inlays had comparable fracture resistance that exceeded the physiological masticatory force in molar region; however, most of the failure modes recorded for both materials were irreparable failures involving more than half of the tooth and extending below the CEJ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3D printed resin composite material is a promising option in fabrication of indirect restorations with lower cost and more time saving. Long term clinical studies are recommended to evaluate clinical performance of 3D printed resin composite materials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-07975-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T02:54:44Z","timestamp":1774061684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fracture resistance and mode of failure of CAD\/CAM milled versus 3D-printed resin composite inlays: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Nasser Abdel-moniem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Mohammed Ibrahim Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab","family":"Khalil Safy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"7975_CR1","first-page":"25","volume":"41","author":"JA Hood","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hood JA. 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