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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a two-step self-etch adhesive and a universal adhesive (used in self-etch and etch-and-rinse modes) on dentin microshear bond strength and the impact of 1-year simulated thermal aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, 60 caries-free human incisors were used. A two-step self-etch adhesive system (SE) (Clearfil SE Bond; Kuraray Noritake Dental, Japan), a universal adhesive in self-etch mode (U-SE) (Clearfil S3 Bond Universal; Kuraray Noritake Dental, Japan), and the same universal adhesive in etch-and-rinse mode (U-ER) were tested. The specimens were randomly divided into six groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910 per group): (1) SE, initial measurement without aging (T0); (2) U-SE, initial measurement without aging (T0); (3) U-ER, initial measurement without aging (T0); (4) SE, after artificial aging (T1); (5) U-SE, after artificial aging (T1); and (6) U-ER, after artificial aging (T1). Artificial aging was performed by 10,000 thermal cycles between 5\u00a0\u00b0C and 55\u00a0\u00b0C, simulating approximately one year of intraoral conditions. The prepared samples were evaluated using the microshear bond strength test. Non-parametric tests were applied for statistical analysis due to the small sample size and non-normal data distribution, with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SE without aging group 1 (15.70 MPa) and SE aged group 4 (11.82 MPa) showed the highest bond strength values, while the U-ER without aging group 3 and aged group 6 consistently presented the lowest (6.58 MPa, 6.33 MPa). After 1-year artificial aging, bond strength significantly decreased in the SE (p&lt;0.05) and U-SE (p&lt;0.05) groups, whereas no significant change was observed in the U-ER group (p&gt;0.05). Overall, statistical analysis confirmed significant differences among the adhesive systems and aging conditions (p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to the results of this study, when the micro shear bond strengths of dentin adhesive systems were compared, it was found that the SE group showed higher bond strength values than the U-ER and U-SE groups at the beginning and after 1-year aging simulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08010-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T11:24:24Z","timestamp":1775474664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of aging on microshearing bond strength of different adhesive systems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cansu Da\u011fdelen","family":"Ah\u0131sha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5670-6921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mine Bet\u00fcl","family":"\u00dc\u00e7ta\u015fl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"8010_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2021.46.e30","volume":"46","author":"XV Tran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tran XV, Tran KQ. 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Front Dent. 2019;16:265\u201371.","journal-title":"Front Dent"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08010-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08010-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08010-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:32:05Z","timestamp":1781645525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08010-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08010-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that all methods were conducted in accordance with the regulations and guidelines of the \u201cWorld Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki in 2013\u201d. Approval for the conduct of the study was obtained from Gazi University Clinical Research Ethics Committee with the decision numbered G\u00dcDHKAEK.2022.04\/2 and dated 01.03.2022. According to the protocol approved by Gazi University Clinical Research Ethics Committee (G\u00dcDHKAEK.2022.04\/2), a total of 60 caries-free human incisor teeth were collected. All teeth included were extracted for reasons unrelated to the study and are so-called excess material. In accordance with the ethics committee decision (G\u00dcDHKAEK.2022.04\/2), obtaining informed consent from the donors was not required, as the teeth used in this study were not originally collected for research purposes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"957"}}