{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:40:58Z","timestamp":1792788058348,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Science Research Project of Hebei Province","award":["No. 20221169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 20221169"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science Research Project of Hebei Province","award":["No. 20221169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 20221169"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08013-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T09:24:40Z","timestamp":1772875480000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of gingival recession and its associated risk factors in the mandibular central incisors of Chinese patients following fixed orthodontic treatment: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0566-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7808-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zichuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7838-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03825-y","volume":"24","author":"R Abdel-Fatah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdel-Fatah R, Saleh W. Efficacy of amniotic membrane with coronally advanced flap in the treatment of gingival recession: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):133.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"8013_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjad026","volume":"45","author":"M Cadenas de Llano-P\u00e9rula","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cadenas de Llano-P\u00e9rula M, Castro AB, Danneels M, Schelfhout A, Teughels W, Willems G. Risk factors for gingival recessions after orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. Eur J Orthod. 2023;45(5):528\u201344.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"10","key":"8013_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13353","volume":"47","author":"M Romandini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Romandini M, Soldini MC, Montero E, Sanz M. Epidemiology of mid-buccal gingival recessions in NHANES according to the 2018 World Workshop Classification System. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47(10):1180\u201390.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8013_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.21.3.018-029.oin","volume":"21","author":"AS Jati","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jati AS, Furquim LZ, Consolaro A. Gingival recession: its causes and types, and the importance of orthodontic treatment. Dent Press J Orthod. 2016;21(3):18\u201329.","journal-title":"Dent Press J Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001","volume":"19","author":"M Ashfaq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ashfaq M, Sadiq A, Sukhia RH, Fida M. Association of hard and soft tissue factors with gingival recession in orthodontically treated patients: A retrospective study. Int Orthod. 2021;19(1):60\u20136.","journal-title":"Int Orthod"},{"issue":"4","key":"8013_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_526_20","volume":"25","author":"RH Alsalhi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alsalhi RH, Tabasum ST. Prevalence of gingival recession and its correlation with gingival phenotype in mandibular incisors region of orthodontically treated female patients: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2021;25(4):341\u20136.","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2019.08.025","volume":"18","author":"BSK Bin Bahar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bin Bahar BSK, Alkhalidy SR, Kaklamanos EG, Athanasiou AE. Do orthodontic patients develop more gingival recession in anterior teeth compared to untreated individuals? A systematic review of controlled studies. Int Orthod. 2020;18(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Orthod"},{"issue":"4","key":"8013_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.05.015","volume":"162","author":"R Colet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colet R, Cotrin P, Oliveira RC, Valarelli FP, Gobbi de Oliveira RC, Salmeron S, et al. Gingival recession in mandibular anterior teeth in patients with Class II malocclusion treated with elastics and Twin Force appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2022;162(4):529\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"8013_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758068","volume":"17","author":"FJ Saab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saab FJ, de Freitas DS, Cotrin P, Oliveira RC, Valarelli FP, de Oliveira RCG, et al. Comparison of gingival recession of mandibular incisors of class III patients immediately after compensatory or surgical orthodontic treatment. Eur J Dent. 2023;17(4):1089\u201396.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"5","key":"8013_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.09.027","volume":"151","author":"JW Morris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morris JW, Campbell PM, Tadlock LP, Boley J, Buschang PH. Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2017;151(5):851\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"8013_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.09.018","volume":"143","author":"AM Renkema","year":"2013","unstructured":"Renkema AM, Fudalej PS, Renkema A, Kiekens R, Katsaros C. Development of labial gingival recessions in orthodontically treated patients. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2013;143(2):206\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"8013_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2020.50.3.146","volume":"50","author":"JB Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee JB, Baek SJ, Kim M, Pang EK. Correlation analysis of gingival recession after orthodontic treatment in the anterior region: an evaluation of soft and hard tissues. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2020;50(3):146\u201358.","journal-title":"J Periodontal Implant Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"8013_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9036","DOI":"10.3390\/app11199036","volume":"11","author":"G Antanavi\u010dien\u0117","year":"2021","unstructured":"Antanavi\u010dien\u0117 G, Zas\u010diurinskien\u0117 E, Smailien\u0117 D, Basevi\u010dien\u0117 N. The impact of orthodontic treatment on pre-existing gingival recessions: a retrospective study. Appl Sci. 2021;11(19):9036.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"8013_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjy086","volume":"41","author":"F Pernet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pernet F, Vento C, Pandis N, Kiliaridis S. Long-term evaluation of lower incisors gingival recessions after orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2019;41(6):559\u201364.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-021-00389-x","volume":"22","author":"W Moura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moura W, Henriques JFC, Gambardela-Tkacz CM, Cotrin P, Garib D, Janson G. Mandibular incisor inclination and gingival recession after treatment with the Jasper Jumper: a 10-year follow-up. Prog Orthod. 2021;22(1):45.","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"issue":"8","key":"8013_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05061-8","volume":"27","author":"Q Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Q, Li S, Xiao Q, Hu W, Xu L. Clinical investigation of gingival papilla recession after orthodontic treatment in adults. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(8):4425\u201332.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"6","key":"8013_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.05.016","volume":"35","author":"F Ramos de Faria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramos de Faria F, de S\u00e1 Werneck C, Kuchenbecker R\u00f6sing C, Willer Farinazzo Vitral R, Jos\u00e9 da Silva Campos M. Lower incisor inclination and thickness of the alveolar process and mandibular symphysis in the development of gingival recession: A retrospective cohort study. Saudi Dent J. 2023;35(6):651\u20136.","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"8013_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx046","volume":"40","author":"K Mazurova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mazurova K, Kopp JB, Renkema AM, Pandis N, Katsaros C, Fudalej PS. Gingival recession in mandibular incisors and symphysis morphology-a retrospective cohort study. Eur J Orthod. 2018;40(2):185\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-018-0159-8","volume":"80","author":"JJ Ji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ji JJ, Li XD, Fan Q, Liu XJ, Yao S, Zhou Z, et al. Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic treatment of infraversion and open bite. J Orofac Orthop. 2019;80(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"8013_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-020-00263-1","volume":"82","author":"E Kalina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalina E, Zadurska M, G\u00f3rski B. Postorthodontic lower incisor and canine inclination and labial gingival recession in adult patients: A prospective study. J Orofac Orthop. 2021;82(4):246\u201356.","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2319\/021411-108.1","volume":"82","author":"G Vasconcelos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vasconcelos G, Kjellsen K, Preus H, Vandevska-Radunovic V, Hansen BF. Prevalence and severity of vestibular recession in mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2012;82(1):42\u20137.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"12","key":"8013_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e058942","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058942","volume":"12","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Lv J, Zhang F, Zhang W, Wang Y, Xu Y, et al. Efficacy of periodontal soft tissue augmentation prior to orthodontic treatment on preventing gingival recession: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2022;12(12):e058942.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"8013_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.04.022","volume":"4","author":"JA Bernstein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernstein JA, Mauger DT. The Minimally Clinically Important Difference (MCID): What Difference Does It Make? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(4):689\u201390.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06449-6","volume":"25","author":"\u0130 G\u00fcl","year":"2025","unstructured":"G\u00fcl \u0130, \u00c7olak R, Cicek O. Evaluation of the effect of periodontal health and orthodontic treatment on gingival recession: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):1069.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"8013_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2319\/092620-820.1","volume":"91","author":"\u00d6 Alkan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alkan \u00d6, Kaya Y, Tunca M, Keskin S. Changes in the gingival thickness and keratinized gingival width of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth after orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2021;91(4):459\u201367.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"5","key":"8013_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-024-7781-1","volume":"237","author":"PS Fleming","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fleming PS, Andrews J. The role of orthodontics in the prevention and management of gingival recession. Br Dent J. 2024;237(5):341\u20137.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR27","first-page":"19","volume":"10","author":"NM Sawan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sawan NM, Ghoneima A, Stewart K, Liu S. Risk factors contributing to gingival recession among patients undergoing different orthodontic treatment modalities. Interv Med Appl Sci. 2018;10(1):19\u201326.","journal-title":"Interv Med Appl Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"8013_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15081013","volume":"15","author":"M K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcko\u011flu \u00c7olak","year":"2025","unstructured":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcko\u011flu \u00c7olak M, \u00c7olak R, Cicek O. Fractal Dimension Analysis of Mandibular Trabecular Architecture in Gingival Recession During Orthodontic Retention: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025;15(8):1013.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08013-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08013-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08013-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T12:33:11Z","timestamp":1776169991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08013-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08013-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Hebei Medical University Third Hospital (Project No.W2022-070-1). All the phases of the study were carried out following the principles of the Helsinki Declaration for Research on Human Subjects. Written informed consent was obtained from all candidates or their guardians.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for information about the patients to be published was obtained from all the study participants or their guardians.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"670"}}