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Each main group was subdivided into 3 subgroups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200911) according to separated fragment-length (3, 5, 7\u00a0mm). NiTi rotary instruments were separated in mesiobuccal canals, and retrieval was attempted under dental operating microscope (DOM) using CSP or MSP corresponding to the allocated group. Retrieval time and success rate (maximum 45\u00a0min) were recorded for each case. Failed samples underwent loop retrieval (15\u00a0min). Following retrieval procedures, mesial roots were sectioned and decoronated to a standardized root length (15\u00a0mm), for vertical fracture testing using a universal testing machine. Nonparametric tests (Mann\u2013Whitney U and Kruskal\u2013Wallis with Dunn post hoc) were applied (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For 3\u00a0mm fragments, MSP yielded significantly shorter ultrasonic retrieval time than CSP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). For 5\u00a0mm fragments, CSP was faster than MSP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). Neither technique retrieved 7\u00a0mm fragments ultrasonically. Loop retrieval succeeded in 90.9% of 7\u00a0mm fragments for CSP but failed for MSP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Both retrieval methods showed significantly lower fracture resistance than controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001); no significant difference in fracture resistance was found between MSP and CSP groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MSP was more time-efficient than CSP for short (3\u00a0mm) fragments, whereas CSP performed better for 5\u00a0mm fragments and permitted successful loop-assisted removal of long (7\u00a0mm) fragments. Both techniques significantly reduced vertical root fracture resistance relative to intact controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08029-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:34:10Z","timestamp":1774420450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficiency of ultrasonic retrieval for separated instruments within the middle third of root canals using modified staging platform: a comparative in-vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Basim Samir","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nihal Ezzat","family":"Sabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina Ahmed","family":"Morsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"8029_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/etp.12049","volume":"29","author":"M Haapasalo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Haapasalo M, Shen Y. 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All teeth were collected from an anonymized pool of freshly extracted teeth from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University. Since all patients previously consented to the use of their extracted teeth for research purposes. Thus, informed consent was deemed unnecessary by the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, in accordance with national regulations. This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki\u201d.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"624"}}