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From an epidemiological perspective, studying the co-occurrence of MIH and DF provides a more comprehensive view of enamel health, helping to avoid underestimation of their true prevalence and to identify shared environmental risk patterns. Despite their frequent co-occurrence, evidence regarding a potential relationship between MIH and DF remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of MIH among children with DF and to investigate the possible association between these two conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Cross-sectional studies reporting the prevalence of MIH in populations with DF were included. Two reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment independently. A meta-analysis with a random-effects model was conducted in RevMan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five cross-sectional studies, including 3,071 children aged 8\u201316 years, met the inclusion criteria. Across the included studies, the prevalence of MIH and DF was 21% and 51%, respectively. The prevalence of co-occurrence ranged from 3.7% to 26%. A statistically significant association between MIH and DF was observed (\u03c7\u00b2 = 10.1,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002; OR\u2009=\u20091.36, 95% CI: 1.12\u20131.65). However, the meta-analysis based on four studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091,503) did not confirm this association (OR\u2009=\u20091.11, 95% CI: 0.86\u20131.42,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.43), with moderate heterogeneity (I\u00b2 = 56%). Most MIH cases were of mild severity (55.1%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While descriptive analyses suggested a potential relationship between MIH and DF, meta-analytic results did not support a significant association. These findings highlight the need for further standardized diagnostic criteria and well-calibrated epidemiological studies to clarify whether environmental fluoride exposure influences MIH occurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database (ID: CRD42024628754).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08052-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T03:17:24Z","timestamp":1772853444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and association of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in patients presenting dental fluorosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Inas","family":"Bahloul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghita","family":"Elbasraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Ghoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"8052_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2009.09.005","volume":"54","author":"AH Brook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brook AH. 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