{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T04:47:07Z","timestamp":1777351627992,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Association of Public Health Dentistry"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08079-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:33:17Z","timestamp":1773966797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examining the association of maternal oral health experiences with adverse birth outcomes: findings from Virginia\u2019s PRAMS survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"May","family":"Salama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al-Taiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise C.","family":"McKinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Wu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anwar T.","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.206","volume":"3","author":"AP Dasanayake","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dasanayake AP. Poor periodontal health of the pregnant woman as a risk factor for low birth weight. Annals periodontology. 1998;3(1):206\u201312.","journal-title":"Annals periodontology"},{"issue":"5","key":"8079_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1293023","volume":"31","author":"A Puertas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Puertas A, Magan-Fernandez A, Blanc V, Revelles L, O\u2019Valle F, Pozo E, et al. Association of periodontitis with preterm birth and low birth weight: a comprehensive review. J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(5):597\u2013602.","journal-title":"J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"8079_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-015-6597-2","volume":"29","author":"K Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park K, Wei J, Minissian M, Bairey Merz CN, Pepine CJ. Adverse pregnancy conditions, infertility, and future cardiovascular risk: implications for mother and child. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2015;29:391\u2013401.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-1991-1-6","volume":"1","author":"J-M Hodek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hodek J-M, von der Schulenburg J-M, Mittendorf T. Measuring economic consequences of preterm birth-Methodological recommendations for the evaluation of personal burden on children and their caregivers. Health Econ Rev. 2011;1(1):6.","journal-title":"Health Econ Rev"},{"key":"8079_CR5","unstructured":"Womack LS, Rossen LM, Martin JA. Singleton low birthweight rates, by race and Hispanic origin: United States, 2006\u20132016. 2018."},{"key":"8079_CR6","unstructured":"Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK, Drake P. Births: final data for 2017. 2018."},{"key":"8079_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-01029-z","volume":"17","author":"YV Pusdekar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pusdekar YV, Patel AB, Kurhe KG, Bhargav SR, Thorsten V, Garces A, et al. Rates and risk factors for preterm birth and low birthweight in the global network sites in six low-and low middle-income countries. Reproductive health. 2020;17:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Reproductive health"},{"issue":"5","key":"8079_CR8","first-page":"948","volume":"7","author":"V Hemalatha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hemalatha V, Manigandan T, Sarumathi T, Amudhan A. Dental considerations in pregnancy-a critical review on the oral care. J Clin Diagn research: JCDR. 2013;7(5):948.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn research: JCDR"},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0921-3","volume":"19","author":"C Muralidharan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muralidharan C, Merrill RM. Dental care during pregnancy based on the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system in Utah. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):237.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8079_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sachelarie L, Iman AEH, Romina MV, Huniadi A, Hurjui LL. Impact of hormones and lifestyle on oral health during pregnancy: a prospective observational regression-based study. Med (Kaunas). 2024;60(11):1773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60111773.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60111773"},{"issue":"4","key":"8079_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2016.04.005","volume":"45","author":"E Hartnett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hartnett E, Haber J, Krainovich-Miller B, Bella A, Vasilyeva A. Lange Kessler J. Oral Health in Pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2016;45(4):565\u201373.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"8079_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104253","volume":"125","author":"P Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen P, Hong F, Yu X. Prevalence of periodontal disease in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2022;125:104253.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"8079_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01798.x","volume":"13","author":"G Seymour","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seymour G, Ford P, Cullinan M, Leishman S, Yamazaki K. Relationship between periodontal infections and systemic disease. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13:3\u201310.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"8079_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034508330229","volume":"88","author":"M Radnai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Radnai M, Pal A, Novak T, Urban E, Eller J, Gorzo I. Benefits of periodontal therapy when preterm birth threatens. J Dent Res. 2009;88(3):280\u20134.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"8079_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.060047","volume":"77","author":"S Offenbacher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Offenbacher S, Lin D, Strauss R, McKaig R, Irving J, Barros SP, et al. Effects of periodontal therapy during pregnancy on periodontal status, biologic parameters, and pregnancy outcomes: a pilot study. J Periodontol. 2006;77(12):2011\u201324.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"18","key":"8079_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062249","volume":"355","author":"BS Michalowicz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Michalowicz BS, Hodges JS, DiAngelis AJ, Lupo VR, Novak MJ, Ferguson JE, et al. Treatment of periodontal disease and the risk of preterm birth. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(18):1885\u201394.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8079_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-010-0424-8","volume":"15","author":"AMSD Oliveira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oliveira AMSD, de Oliveira PAD, Cota LOM, Magalh\u00e3es CS, Moreira AN, Costa FO. Periodontal therapy and risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Clin Oral Invest. 2011;15:609\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"key":"8079_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0679-3","volume":"17","author":"P Weidlich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weidlich P, Moreira CHC, Fiorini T, Musskopf ML, da Rocha JM, Oppermann MLR, et al. Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy and strict plaque control on preterm\/low birth weight: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Invest. 2013;17:37\u201344.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06905-1","volume":"24","author":"M Salama","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salama M, Al-Taiar A, McKinney DC, Rahman E, Merchant AT. The impact of scaling and root planning combined with mouthwash during pregnancy on preterm birth and low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):726.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"8079_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SalamaM, Al-Taiar A, McKinney D, Al Otaibi S, Al-Sallum S, Bawa EM, et al. Unmeasured confounding in meta-analyses of observational studies evaluating maternal periodontitis and adverse birth outcomes. J Public Health. 2025;47(3):e408\u2013e418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaf056.","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaf056"},{"issue":"10","key":"8079_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304563","volume":"108","author":"HB Shulman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shulman HB, D\u2019Angelo DV, Harrison L, Smith RA, Warner L. The pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS): overview of design and methodology. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(10):1305\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"8079_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-011-0870-1","volume":"16","author":"SS Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang SS, Smith VC, McCormick MC, Barfield WD. The association between maternal oral health experiences and risk of preterm birth in 10 states, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2004\u20132006. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16:1688\u201395.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"8","key":"8079_CR23","first-page":"219","volume":"75","author":"D Mattheus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mattheus D, Shannon M, Lim E, Gandhi K. The Association Between Socio-demographic Factors, Dental Problems, and Preterm Labor for Pregnant Women Residing in Hawai \u2018i. Hawai\u2019i J Med Public Health. 2016;75(8):219.","journal-title":"Hawai\u2019i J Med Public Health"},{"key":"8079_CR24","unstructured":"Williams MJ, Maternal Preventive Dental Services Utilization. The Role of Preconception Oral Health Counseling in and the Association With Birth Outcomes: Evidence From South Carolina Prams. University of South Carolina; 2020."},{"issue":"6","key":"8079_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114476","volume":"124","author":"S Greenland","year":"1986","unstructured":"Greenland S, THOMAS DC. The rare-disease assumption revisited: a critique of estimators of relative risk for case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124(6):869\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/0167482X.2018.1553156","volume":"41","author":"MH Bublitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bublitz MH, Carpenter M, Bourjeily G. Preterm birth disparities between states in the United States: an opportunity for public health interventions. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2020;41(1):38\u201346.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05726-y","volume":"23","author":"D Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh D, Manna S, Barik M, Rehman T, Kanungo S, Pati S. Prevalence and correlates of low birth weight in India: findings from national family health survey 5. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23(1):456.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"9","key":"8079_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.9.1414","volume":"84","author":"M Kotelchuck","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kotelchuck M. An evaluation of the Kessner adequacy of prenatal care index and a proposed adequacy of prenatal care utilization index. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(9):1414\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"8079_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","volume":"45","author":"S van Buuren","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K. mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R. J Stat Softw. 2011;45(3):1\u201367.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"8079_CR30","unstructured":"Rubin DB. Multiple imputation. Flexible imputation of missing data, second edition: Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2018. pp. 29\u201362."},{"key":"8079_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332972","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1332972","volume":"12","author":"JD Stookey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stookey JD, Guendelman S, McCallister B, Whittemore P, Abu-Amara D, Elsasser MA, et al. Conceptual framework for preterm birth review in San Francisco. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1332972.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"9596","key":"8079_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","volume":"370","author":"E Von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007;370(9596):1453\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"8079_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/01494929.2010.499319","volume":"46","author":"SW Masho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Masho SW, Chapman D, Ashby M. The impact of paternity and marital status on low birth weight and preterm births. Marriage Family Rev. 2010;46(4):243\u201356.","journal-title":"Marriage Family Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"8079_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61627","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061627","volume":"8","author":"Z Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu Z, Han S, Zhu J, Sun X, Ji C, Guo X. Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index in Relation to Infant Birth Weight and Offspring Overweight\/Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61627.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"8079_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1740-6","volume":"284","author":"T Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang T, Zhang J, Lu X, Xi W, Li Z. Maternal early pregnancy body mass index and risk of preterm birth. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284(4):813\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"2","key":"8079_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020273","volume":"16","author":"A Merklinger-Gruchala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merklinger-Gruchala A, Kapiszewska M. The Effect of Prenatal Stress, Proxied by Marital and Paternity Status, on the Risk of Preterm Birth. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(2):273.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"8079_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.05.025","volume":"118","author":"JS Shah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shah JS, Eliner Y, Vaughan DA, Wylie BJ, Korkidakis A, Leung AQ, et al. The effect of interpregnancy interval on preterm birth and low birth weight in singleton pregnancies conceived without assistance or by infertility treatments. Fertil Steril. 2022;118(3):550\u20139.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"8079_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.149237","volume":"142","author":"N Kozuki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kozuki N, Lee AC, Katz J, Group CHER. Moderate to severe, but not mild, maternal anemia is associated with increased risk of small-for-gestational-age outcomes 3. J Nutr. 2012;142(2):358\u201362.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"8079_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ChenY, Zhong T, Song X, Zhang S, Sun M, Liu X, et al. Maternal anaemia during early pregnancy and the risk of neonatal outcomes: a prospective cohort study in Central China. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2024;8(1):e001931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjpo-2023-001931.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2023-001931"},{"key":"8079_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/156854","volume":"21","author":"MH Delcroix","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delcroix MH, Delcroix-Gomez C, Marquet P, Gauthier T, Thomas D, Aubard Y. Active or passive maternal smoking increases the risk of low birth weight or preterm delivery: Benefits of cessation and tobacco control policies. Tob Induc Dis. 2023;21:72.","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"8079_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-014-0414-y","volume":"14","author":"H Andriani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andriani H, Kuo HW. Adverse effects of parental smoking during pregnancy in urban and rural areas. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:414.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"6","key":"8079_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2019.11.003","volume":"13","author":"JM Campbell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campbell JM, McPherson NO. Influence of increased paternal BMI on pregnancy and child health outcomes independent of maternal effects: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2019;13(6):511\u201321.","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"8079_CR43","unstructured":"Behrman RE, Butler AS. Preterm birth: causes, consequences, and prevention. 2007."},{"issue":"9","key":"8079_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.765849","volume":"26","author":"S-Q Wei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wei S-Q, Qi H-P, Luo Z-C, Fraser WD. Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(9):889\u201399.","journal-title":"J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"8079_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050301","volume":"8","author":"L-L Qin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qin L-L, Lu F-G, Yang S-H, Xu H-L, Luo B-A. Does Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Increase the Risk of Preterm Birth: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients. 2016;8(5):301.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"8079_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.09.008","volume":"39","author":"BL Alman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alman BL, Stingone JA, Yazdy M, Botto LD, Desrosiers TA, Pruitt S, et al. Associations between PM(2.5) and risk of preterm birth among liveborn infants. Ann Epidemiol. 2019;39:46\u2013e532.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"8079_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2444593","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.44593","volume":"7","author":"A Jiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiao A, Reilly AN, Benmarhnia T, Sun Y, Avila C, Chiu V, et al. Fine Particulate Matter, Its Constituents, and Spontaneous Preterm Birth. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(11):e2444593.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"8079_CR48","first-page":"417","volume":"122","author":"Committee Opinion No","year":"2013","unstructured":"Committee Opinion No. 569: oral health care during pregnancy and through the lifespan. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(2 Pt 1):417\u201322.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8079_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12751","volume":"83","author":"A Sablok","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sablok A, Batra A, Thariani K, Batra A, Bharti R, Aggarwal AR, et al. Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcome. Clin Endocrinol. 2015;83(4):536\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR50","first-page":"35","volume":"4","author":"S Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mirghafourvand M, Mansouri A, Najafi M, Khodabande F. The Effect of Vitamin D and Calcium plus Vitamin D during Pregnancy on Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Caring Sci. 2015;4(1):35\u201344.","journal-title":"J Caring Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"8079_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060730","volume":"10","author":"M Terzic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Terzic M, Aimagambetova G, Terzic S, Radunovic M, Bapayeva G, Lagan\u00e0 AS. Periodontal Pathogens and Preterm Birth: Current Knowledge and Further Interventions. Pathogens. 2021;10(6):730.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.233","volume":"3","author":"S Offenbacher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Offenbacher S, Jared HL, O\u2019Reilly PG, Wells SR, Salvi GE, Lawrence HP, et al. Potential pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis associated pregnancy complications. Ann Periodontol. 1998;3(1):233\u201350.","journal-title":"Ann Periodontol"},{"key":"8079_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-018-0084-2","volume":"4","author":"AWG Ratnasiri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ratnasiri AWG, Parry SS, Arief VN, DeLacy IH, Halliday LA, DiLibero RJ, et al. Recent trends, risk factors, and disparities in low birth weight in California, 2005\u20132014: a retrospective study. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2018;4:15.","journal-title":"Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8079_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12490","volume":"61","author":"JL Alhusen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alhusen JL, Bower KM, Epstein E, Sharps P. Racial discrimination and adverse birth outcomes: an integrative review. J Midwifery Women\u2019s Health. 2016;61(6):707\u201320.","journal-title":"J Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"8079_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e31816f28de","volume":"51","author":"TP Dominguez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dominguez TP. Race, racism, and racial disparities in adverse birth outcomes. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;51(2):360\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8079_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060838","volume":"8","author":"D Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin D, Song WO. Influence of the Adequacy of the Prenatal Care Utilization Index on Small-For-Gestational-Age Infants and Preterm Births in the United States. J Clin Med. 2019;8(6):838.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"8079_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041221","volume":"17","author":"C-N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen C-N, Chen H-S, Hsu H-C. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in Taiwan: a population-based birth cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(4):1221.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05657-8","volume":"23","author":"J-F Ke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ke J-F, Liu S, Ge R-L, Ma L, Li M-F. Associations of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain with the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23(1):414.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000501710","volume":"75","author":"W-j Su","year":"2019","unstructured":"Su W-j, Chen Y-l, Huang P-y, Shi X-l, Yan F-f, Chen Z, et al. Effects of prepregnancy body mass index, weight gain, and gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study in Xiamen, China, 2011\u20132018. Annals Nutr Metabolism. 2019;75(1):31\u20138.","journal-title":"Annals Nutr Metabolism"},{"issue":"22","key":"8079_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6295","volume":"309","author":"S Cnattingius","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cnattingius S, Villamor E, Johansson S, Bonamy A-KE, Persson M, Wikstr\u00f6m A-K, et al. Maternal obesity and risk of preterm delivery. JAMA. 2013;309(22):2362\u201370.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"8079_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McDonald SD, Han Z, Mulla S, Beyene J. Overweight and obesity in mothers and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight infants: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2010;341:c3428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c3428.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3428"},{"issue":"10","key":"8079_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.104","volume":"37","author":"A Tsur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsur A, Mayo JA, Wong RJ, Shaw GM, Stevenson DK, Gould JB. The obesity paradox\u2019: a reconsideration of obesity and the risk of preterm birth. J Perinatol. 2017;37(10):1088\u201392.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"8079_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e015410","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015410","volume":"7","author":"L Mamluk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mamluk L, Edwards HB, Savovi\u0107 J, Leach V, Jones T, Moore THM, et al. Low alcohol consumption and pregnancy and childhood outcomes: time to change guidelines indicating apparently \u2018safe\u2019 levels of alcohol during pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7):e015410.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"8079_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(97)00081-1","volume":"7","author":"LS Lundsberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lundsberg LS, Bracken MB, Saftlas AF. Low-to-moderate gestational alcohol use and intrauterine growth retardation, low birthweight, and preterm delivery. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7(7):498\u2013508.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"8079_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-79","volume":"14","author":"Y Miyake","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miyake Y, Tanaka K, Okubo H, Sasaki S, Arakawa M. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy and birth outcomes: the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:79.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"8079_CR66","unstructured":"(WHO) WHO, Alcohol. 2024 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/alcohol."},{"key":"8079_CR67","unstructured":"(ACOG) TACoOaG. Alcohol and Pregnancy 2023 [Available from: https:\/\/www.acog.org\/womens-health\/infographics\/alcohol-and-pregnancy."},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-015-0015-5","volume":"3","author":"R Stone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stone R. Pregnant women and substance use: fear, stigma, and barriers to care. Health justice. 2015;3(1):2.","journal-title":"Health justice"},{"issue":"6","key":"8079_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13381","volume":"41","author":"PW Corrigan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corrigan PW, Lara JL, Shah BB, Mitchell KT, Simmes D, Jones KL. The public stigma of birth mothers of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcoholism: Clin experimental Res. 2017;41(6):1166\u201373.","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin experimental Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"8079_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000042","volume":"29","author":"DM Litt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Litt DM, Lewis MA. Examining the role of abstainer prototype favorability as a mediator of the abstainer-norms\u2013drinking-behavior relationship. Psychol Addict Behav. 2015;29(2):467.","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"8079_CR71","first-page":"441","volume":"85","author":"T Stockwell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stockwell T, Zhao J, Clay J, Levesque C, Sanger N, Sherk A, et al. Why do only some cohort studies find health benefits from low-volume alcohol use? A systematic review and meta-analysis of study characteristics that may bias mortality risk estimates. J Stud Alcohol Drug. 2024;85(4):441\u201352.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drug"},{"key":"8079_CR72","unstructured":"(ASTHO). AoSaTHO. A Framework for Linking PRAMS with Administrative Data. 2024."},{"issue":"10","key":"8079_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-021-03205-4","volume":"25","author":"CJ Vladutiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vladutiu CJ, Mobley SC, Ji X, Thomas S, Kandasamy V, Sutherland D, et al. A methodological approach for evaluating the Enterprise Community Healthy Start Program in rural Georgia: an analysis using linked PRAMS, birth records and program data. Matern Child Health J. 2021;25(10):1516\u201325.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"8079_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1363\/48e8116","volume":"48","author":"I Maddow-Zimet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maddow-Zimet I, Lindberg L, Kost K, Lincoln A. Are pregnancy intentions associated with transitions into and out of marriage? Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2016;48(1):35\u201343.","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"8079_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-021-03118-2","volume":"25","author":"CL DeSisto","year":"2021","unstructured":"DeSisto CL, Rohan A, Handler A, Awadalla SS, Johnson T, Rankin K. Comparing postpartum care utilization from Medicaid claims and the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system in Wisconsin, 2011\u20132015. Matern Child Health J. 2021;25(3):428\u201338.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"6","key":"8079_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.02.022","volume":"40","author":"JW Parrish","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parrish JW, Young MB, Perham-Hester KA, Gessner BD. Identifying risk factors for child maltreatment in Alaska: A population-based approach. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(6):666\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"8079_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20201303","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1303","volume":"146","author":"D Rittman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rittman D, Parrish J, Lanier P. Prebirth household challenges to predict adverse childhood experiences score by age 3. Pediatrics. 2020;146(5):e20201303.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08079-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08079-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08079-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T04:24:35Z","timestamp":1777350275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08079-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08079-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and granted exempt status by the Old Dominion University Health Sciences Human Subjects Review Committee (Exemption #1973615-1) and the Virginia Department of Health Institutional Review Board (Exemption #50283). The data analyzed in this study were provided by the Virginia Department of Health in de-identified form under a data-use agreement. PRAMS is a public health surveillance system; therefore, written consent is waived, but participants provide informed verbal consent when completing the survey. As this study involved secondary analysis of de-identified data, no additional informed consent was required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s identifiable data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"753"}}