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The photoinitiators of 0.5 wt% Camphorquinone and 0.5 wt% Ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate were added to each group. Specimens were evaluated for contact angle, surface free energy, degree of conversion (FTIR), Vickers microhardness, water sorption, and color stability (\u0394E after 28-day immersion in coffee and turmeric). Data were analyzed using one-way and two-way ANOVA with Tukey\u2019s HSD post-hoc test (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All UDMA\/IBOMA formulations exhibited significantly higher water contact angles (&gt;\u200990\u00b0) and lower surface free energy than the control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The degree of conversion showed no significant differences. Microhardness was comparable in Groups 2 and 3 but reduced in Group 4 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Water sorption decreased progressively with increasing IBOMA content, with Group 4 demonstrating 71% reduction versus control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). UDMA\/IBOMA formulations showed higher apparent staining for both solutions, primarily due to lighter baseline colors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 70:30 UDMA\/IBOMA formulation demonstrated superior water uptake resistance, representing significant advancement toward durable, BPA-free restorative materials with greatest potential for long-term clinical performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08088-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T10:45:12Z","timestamp":1773485112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hydrophobic monomer systems for dental composites: development and physicochemical evaluation of UDMA\/IBOMA formulations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shaiva","family":"Thakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaher","family":"Jabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reuben","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahed","family":"Al Khalifah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deukwon","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mijoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"8088_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poggio C, Gallo S. 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