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Syndromic cases of CL\/P and isolated cleft palate (CP) were excluded. To obtain the fractal dimension (FD) of the mandibular bone, regions of interest (ROI) were first delineated within the condyle and body of the mandible on panoramic radiographs. Subsequently, the FD was calculated using the box-counting algorithm on these defined ROIs. The results were adjusted by sex and age in a generalized linear model (GLM) with alpha error tolerance of 5%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 205 patients were included. One hundred patients were allocated into the control group and 105 into the cleft group (37 CL and 68 CLP). The fractal dimension (FD) was statistically higher in the control group compared to the study group for both regions of interest (ROIs) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In the GLMs, cleft was associated with low FD in the condyle (Beta=-0.132;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In the body of the mandible, cleft was also associated with decreased FD values (Beta=-0.154;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). CLP presented decreased FD values in the condyle (Beta=-0.016;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with CL\/P had lower FD values in the mandible compared to the control children, which may indicate that patients born with CL\/P present a less complex bone structure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08161-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:05:18Z","timestamp":1774310718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analysis of mandibular trabecular bone by fractal analysis in children born with oral cleft"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Caio Luiz Bitencourt","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Lopes","family":"Cavalcante-Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Fonseca-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa Helena","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirian Aiko Nakane","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Scariot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Adacheski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Daratsianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svenja","family":"Beisel-Memmert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Feltrin-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika Calvano","family":"K\u00fcchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"8161_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2021.05.008","volume":"123","author":"N Salari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salari N, Darvishi N, Heydari M, Bokaee S, Darvishi F, Mohammadi M. 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The researchers invited the minor patients and their legal guardians and presented a document that clarified the study\u2019s details. The legal guardians who accepted that the minor take part in the study expressed their consent by providing a handwritten signature. Minor patients received a document suitable for their age and signed it with a handwritten signature. All patients were competent in reading and writing.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"622"}}