{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:57:32Z","timestamp":1781647052966,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":59,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BAP) of Gazi University","award":["TDH-2023-8985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDH-2023-8985"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory conditions linked by shared immunometabolic pathways. Although asprosin has been implicated in metabolic regulation and systemic inflammation, its role in the immunometabolic interaction between obesity and periodontal inflammation remains unclear. This study evaluated local and systemic levels of asprosin, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in obese and normal-weight individuals with and without periodontitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional study included 60 individuals aged 18\u201365 years, categorized by body mass index (BMI) as normal weight (18.5\u201324.9\u00a0kg\/m\u00b2) or obese (\u2265\u200930\u00a0kg\/m\u00b2). Participants were further classified as periodontally healthy or with periodontitis, forming four groups: normal-weight periodontally healthy (NH), obese periodontally healthy (OH), normal-weight periodontitis (NP), and obese periodontitis (OP) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915 each). Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing were recorded. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum samples were analyzed for asprosin, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intergroup comparisons were performed using a rank-based general linear model adjusted for age and sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum asprosin levels were lower in the NH group than in the NP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025), OH (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and OP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) groups and were also lower in the NP group than in the OH (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) and OP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.021) groups. GCF asprosin levels were lower in the NH group compared with the OH (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and OP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017) groups, and were also lower in the NP group than in the OH (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042) and OP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.022) groups. IL-6 levels were higher in the OH group than in the NH group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.050), whereas serum TNF-\u03b1 did not differ significantly among groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.078). Although overall group differences were observed for GCF IL-6 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014) and TNF-\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008), overlap in interquartile ranges limited consistent pairwise comparisons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GCF and serum asprosin levels were higher in obese individuals than in normal-weight participants, while serum asprosin levels were higher in normal-weight individuals with periodontitis than in normal-weight periodontally healthy individuals. These findings are consistent with an association between asprosin levels, obesity, and periodontal status, indicating that obesity status should be considered when interpreting asprosin levels in periodontal conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov on March 17, 2025 (Identifier: NCT06879951).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08249-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T04:37:35Z","timestamp":1775450255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum and gingival crevicular fluid asprosin levels in obese and normal-weight individuals with and without periodontitis: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3714-537X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buse Naz Buyukakcali","family":"Altay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4442-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aysen","family":"Bodur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8066-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emin Umit","family":"Bagriacik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2302-4000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihan","family":"Oruklu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6168-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fusun Balos","family":"Toruner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3100-5723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hulya Nur","family":"Sodan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"8249_CR1","first-page":"S237","volume":"89","author":"S Jepsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jepsen S, Caton JG, Albandar JM, Bissada NF, Bouchard P, Cortellini P, et al. Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 3 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S237\u201348.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"12","key":"8249_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100321","volume":"81","author":"BW Chaffee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chaffee BW, Weston SJ. Association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2010;81(12):1708\u201324.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"8249_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong B, Jayabaskaran J, Kong G, Chan YH, Chin YH, Goh R et al. Trends and predictions of malnutrition and obesity in 204 countries and territories: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. eClinicalMedicine. 2023;57:101850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101850"},{"issue":"8","key":"8249_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2005.10.009","volume":"329","author":"K Cl\u00e9ment","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cl\u00e9ment K. Genetics of human obesity. C R Biol. 2006;329(8):608\u201322. discussion 53\u20135.","journal-title":"C R Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8249_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.02.023","volume":"115","author":"G Fantuzzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(5):911\u20139. quiz 20.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8249_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.5.610","volume":"74","author":"MS Al-Zahrani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Al-Zahrani MS, Bissada NF, Borawskit EA. Obesity and periodontal disease in young, middle-aged, and older adults. J Periodontol. 2003;74(5):610\u20135.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"7","key":"8249_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13640","volume":"49","author":"J Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong J, Gong Y, Chu T, Wu L, Li S, Deng H, et al. Mendelian randomization highlights the causal association of obesity with periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2022;49(7):662\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8249_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13263","volume":"59","author":"E Kandaswamy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kandaswamy E, Lee CT, Gururaj SB, Shivanaikar S, Joshi VM. Association of adipokine levels with obesity in periodontal health and disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Periodontal Res. 2024;59(4):623\u201335.","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"8249_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04854-7","volume":"27","author":"VE Toy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toy VE, Ataoglu T, Eltas A, Otlu HG, Karabulut AB. Obesity as a modifying factor of periodontal therapy outcomes: local and systemic adipocytokines and oxidative stress markers. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(6):2763\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"3","key":"8249_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.54617\/adoklinikbilimler.1106085","volume":"11","author":"S Ceylan \u015een","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ceylan \u015een S, \u00d6zcan E, Saygun N, \u00d6zg\u00fcrta\u015f T, Az\u0131zov R. Evaluation of salivary visfatin, leptin and oxidative stress markers in obese and non-obese periodontitis patients. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi. 2022;11(3):270\u20139.","journal-title":"ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi"},{"issue":"4","key":"8249_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/173123","volume":"33","author":"AR Pradeep","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pradeep AR, Priyanka N, Prasad MV, Kalra N, Kumari M. Association of progranulin and high sensitivity CRP concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid and serum in chronic periodontitis subjects with and without obesity. Dis Markers. 2012;33(4):207\u201313.","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"issue":"2","key":"8249_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2478\/v10039-009-0035-2","volume":"54","author":"M Gnaci\u0144ska","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gnaci\u0144ska M, Ma\u0142gorzewicz S, Stojek M, \u0141ysiak-Szyd\u0142owska W, Sworczak K. Role of adipokines in complications related to obesity: a review. Adv Med Sci. 2009;54(2):150\u20137.","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"8249_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.063","volume":"165","author":"C Romere","year":"2016","unstructured":"Romere C, Duerrschmid C, Bournat J, Constable P, Jain M, Xia F, et al. Asprosin, a fasting-induced glucogenic protein hormone. Cell. 2016;165(3):566\u201379.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"8249_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2018.1512967","volume":"35","author":"M Alan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alan M, Gurlek B, Yilmaz A, Aksit M, Aslanipour B, Gulhan I, et al. Asprosin: a novel peptide hormone related to insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;35(3):220\u20133.","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8249_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0248-1","volume":"43","author":"CY Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang CY, Lin TA, Liu KH, Liao CH, Liu YY, Wu VC, et al. Serum asprosin levels and bariatric surgery outcomes in obese adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2019;43(5):1019\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"8249_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7375294","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7375294","volume":"2018","author":"X Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li X, Liao M, Shen R, Zhang L, Hu H, Wu J, et al. Plasma asprosin levels are associated with glucose metabolism, lipid, and sex hormone profiles in females with metabolic-related diseases. Mediators Inflamm. 2018;2018:7375294.","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"8249_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521096","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2521096","volume":"2019","author":"K Ugur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ugur K, Aydin S. Saliva and blood asprosin hormone concentration associated with obesity. Int J Endocrinol. 2019;2019:2521096.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8249_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13210","volume":"59","author":"SNS G\u00fcl","year":"2024","unstructured":"G\u00fcl SNS, Birdal O, Lalo\u011flu E. Serum asprosin levels are increased in patients with periodontitis and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and correlated with periodontal parameters: a case-control study. J Periodontal Res. 2024;59(2):259\u201366.","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05494-9","volume":"28","author":"SNS G\u00fcl","year":"2024","unstructured":"G\u00fcl SNS, Emino\u011flu D, Lalo\u011flu E, Ayd\u0131n T, Dilsiz A. Salivary and serum asprosin hormone levels in the 2018 EFP\/AAP classification of periodontitis stages and body mass index status: a case-control study. Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28(1):91.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06014-1","volume":"25","author":"S Tutu\u015f","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tutu\u015f S, Tan\u0131k A, Arpa\u011f OF, \u00d6nderci M. Is there a relationship between periodontal conditions and asprosin levels in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva and serum? BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):651.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06868-5","volume":"25","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Jia Y, Zhao S, Wang Y, MuLaTiHaJi M, Luo X, et al. Isthmin 1, matrix metalloproteinase 8 and asprosin as potential biomarkers in periodontitis with obesity. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):1551.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"7121","key":"8249_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","volume":"444","author":"GS Hotamisligil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006;444(7121):860\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"8249_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1937","volume":"6","author":"H Tilg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tilg H, Moschen AR. Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(10):772\u201383.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8249_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.3.391","volume":"74","author":"DT Graves","year":"2003","unstructured":"Graves DT, Cochran D. The contribution of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor to periodontal tissue destruction. J Periodontol. 2003;74(3):391\u2013401.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17038","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.38","volume":"3","author":"DF Kinane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat reviews Disease primers. 2017;3(1):17038.","journal-title":"Nat reviews Disease primers"},{"issue":"9","key":"8249_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.100690","volume":"82","author":"A Pradeep","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pradeep A, Raghavendra N, Prasad MR, Kathariya R, Patel SP, Sharma A. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum visfatin concentration: their relationship in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontol. 2011;82(9):1314\u20139.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8249_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu111","volume":"180","author":"KM Flegal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flegal KM, Kit BK, Graubard BI. Body mass index categories in observational studies of weight and risk of death. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(3):288\u201396.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"8249_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","volume":"46","author":"NA ElSayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S19\u201340.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"8249_CR29","first-page":"S159","volume":"89","author":"MS Tonetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S159\u201372.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"8249_CR30","first-page":"S74","volume":"89","author":"ILC Chapple","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chapple ILC, Mealey BL, Van Dyke TE, Bartold PM, Dommisch H, Eickholz P, et al. Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S74\u201384.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8249_CR31","first-page":"229","volume":"25","author":"J Ainamo","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J. 1975;25(4):229\u201335.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1972.43.1.38","volume":"43","author":"TJ O\u2019Leary","year":"1972","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary TJ, Drake RB, Naylor JE. The plaque control record. J Periodontol. 1972;43(1):38.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8249_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2017.1295317","volume":"77","author":"G Lima-Oliveira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lima-Oliveira G, Volanski W, Lippi G, Picheth G, Guidi GC. Pre-analytical phase management: a review of the procedures from patient preparation to laboratory analysis. Scand J Clin Lab Investig. 2017;77(3):153\u201363.","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"8249_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1515\/tjb-2022-0211","volume":"48","author":"P Tantisaranon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tantisaranon P, Dumkengkhachornwong K, Hnoonual A. Influence of reduced centrifugation time on clinical chemistry analytes and literature review. Turkish J Biochem. 2023;48(4):376\u201387.","journal-title":"Turkish J Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12109","volume":"70","author":"RR Wassall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wassall RR, Preshaw PM. Clinical and technical considerations in the analysis of gingival crevicular fluid. Periodontol 2000. 2016;70(1):65\u201379.","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"issue":"7","key":"8249_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12422","volume":"42","author":"S Renvert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Renvert S, Wid\u00e9n C, Persson GR. Cytokine expression in peri-implant crevicular fluid in relation to bacterial presence. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(7):697\u2013702.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01514-9","volume":"20","author":"N Moradi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moradi N, Fouani FZ, Vatannejad A, Bakhti Arani A, Shahrzad S, Fadaei R. Serum levels of asprosin in patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD): a case-control study. Lipids Health Dis. 2021;20(1):88.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"8249_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2010.01784.x","volume":"17","author":"RC Teles","year":"2011","unstructured":"Teles RC, Wang CY. Mechanisms involved in the association between peridontal diseases and cardiovascular disease. Oral Dis. 2011;17(5):450\u201361.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2024.20.1.7","volume":"20","author":"A Checa-Ros","year":"2024","unstructured":"Checa-Ros A, Hsueh WC, Merck B, Gonz\u00e1lez-Torres H, Berm\u00fadez V, D\u2019Marco L. Obesity and oral health: the link between adipokines and periodontitis. touchREV Endocrinol. 2024;20(1):25\u201331.","journal-title":"touchREV Endocrinol"},{"key":"8249_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirichenko TV, Markina YV, Bogatyreva AI, Tolstik TV, Varaeva YR, Starodubova AV. The role of adipokines in inflammatory mechanisms of obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(23):14982","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314982"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00652-5","volume":"13","author":"A Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang A, Feng Z, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Li Q, She Y. Effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on the levels of serum asprosin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2021;13(1):34.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"8249_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4341","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S283413","volume":"13","author":"X Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng X, Zhao L, Guo C, Yang L, Wang D, Li Y, et al. Higher serum asprosin level is associated with urinary albumin excretion and renal function in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:4341\u201351.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"6","key":"8249_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_206_18","volume":"22","author":"H Ashraf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashraf H, Laway BA, Afroze D, Wani AI. Evaluation of proinflammatory cytokines in obese vs non-obese patients with metabolic syndrome. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(6):751\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s43166-020-00003-8","volume":"47","author":"DME El-Mikkawy","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Mikkawy DME, El-Sadek MA, El-Badawy MA, Samaha D. Circulating level of interleukin-6 in relation to body mass indices and lipid profile in Egyptian adults with overweight and obesity. Egypt Rheumatol Rehabilitation. 2020;47(1):7.","journal-title":"Egypt Rheumatol Rehabilitation"},{"key":"8249_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fei Q, Huang J, He Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang J et al. Immunometabolic interactions in obesity: implications for therapeutic strategies. Biomedicines. 2025;13(6):1429","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061429"},{"key":"8249_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros SP, Williams R, Offenbacher S, Morelli T. Gingival crevicular fluid as a source of biomarkers for periodontitis. Periodontology. 2000. 2015;70(1):53\u201364.","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12107"},{"issue":"1","key":"8249_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12948","volume":"57","author":"VP Koidou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koidou VP, Hagi-Pavli E, Cross S, Nibali L, Donos N. Molecular profiling of intrabony defects\u2019 gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontal Res. 2022;57(1):152\u201361.","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"8249_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Y, Li D, Vermund SH. Advantages and limitations of the body mass index (BMI) to assess adult obesity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(6):757","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21060757"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08249-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08249-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08249-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:30:32Z","timestamp":1781645432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08249-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08249-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Decision No: E-21071282). All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki (1975), as revised in 2013. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"950"}}