{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:31:33Z","timestamp":1787020293731,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08376-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:26:15Z","timestamp":1778167575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of occlusal splint design and thickness on temporomandibular joint loading: a finite element study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4242-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ba\u015fak","family":"Topda\u011f\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elifnur G\u00fczelce","family":"Sultano\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alanur \u00c7ift\u00e7i","family":"\u015ei\u015fman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00fcsna","family":"Akt\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00fcbra","family":"Karaosmano\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"8376_CR1","first-page":"61","volume":"69","author":"J Okeson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Okeson J. Management of temporomandibular disorders and occlusion. N Y State Dent J. 2003;69:61.","journal-title":"N Y State Dent J"},{"key":"8376_CR2","first-page":"82","volume":"21","author":"TJ Dylina","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dylina TJ. The basics of occlusal splint therapy. Dent Today. 2002;21:82\u20137.","journal-title":"Dent Today"},{"key":"8376_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.05.008","volume":"46","author":"V Machon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Machon V, Levorova J, Hirjak D, Drahos M, Foltan R. Temporomandibular joint disc perforation: a retrospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;46:1411\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.05.008.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"8376_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.371","volume":"7","author":"N Lukic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lukic N, Saxer T, Hou M-Y, Zumbrunn Wojczy\u0144ska A, Gallo LM, Colombo V. Short-term effects of NTI-tss and Michigan splint on nocturnal jaw muscle activity: a pilot study. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2021;7:323\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cre2.371.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dent Res"},{"key":"8376_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(80)90021-9","volume":"44","author":"CC Beard","year":"1980","unstructured":"Beard CC, Clayton JA. Effects of occlusal splint therapy on TMJ dysfunction. J Prosthet Dent. 1980;44:324\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-3913(80)90021-9.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"8376_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-021-00133-5","volume":"13","author":"Z Duanmu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duanmu Z, Liu L, Deng Q, Ren Y, Wang M. Development of a biomechanical model for dynamic occlusal stress analysis. Int J Oral Sci. 2021;13:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41368-021-00133-5.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"8376_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-021-2381-7","volume":"41","author":"Y-N Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo Y-N, Cui S-J, Zhou Y-H, Wang X-D. An overview of anterior repositioning splint therapy for disc displacement-related temporomandibular disorders. Curr Med Sci. 2021;41:626\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11596-021-2381-7.","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"8376_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/jicdro.jicdro_10_20","volume":"15","author":"SSY Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim SSY, Somers M. Finite analysis of temporomandibular joint loading with occlusal splint use. J Int Clin Dent Res Org. 2023;15:23\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jicdro.jicdro_10_20.","journal-title":"J Int Clin Dent Res Org"},{"key":"8376_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14060572","volume":"14","author":"D Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh D, Landry A, Schmid-Schwap M, Piehslinger E, Gahleitner A, Chen J, et al. Clinical and MRI-based assessment of patients with temporomandibular disorders treated by controlled mandibular repositioning. Diagnostics. 2024;14:572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14060572.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"8376_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.100952","volume":"75","author":"R Porntirit","year":"2025","unstructured":"Porntirit R, Rewthamrongsris P, Assoratgoon I, Osathanon T. Anatomical changes after stabilisation splint therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Dent J. 2025;75:100952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2025.100952.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"8376_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.21608\/bijpt.2025.377234.1084","volume":"3","author":"KG Gouda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gouda KG, Rezkallah SS, Khalil AA. Stabilization splint versus botulinum toxin injection on masticatory muscles activity in patients with temporomandibular disorders: a narrative review. Benha Int J Phys Ther. 2025;3:257\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/bijpt.2025.377234.1084.","journal-title":"Benha Int J Phys Ther"},{"key":"8376_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.06.020","volume":"39","author":"A Del P\u00e9rez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Del P\u00e9rez A, Doblar\u00e9 M. Finite element analysis of the temporomandibular joint during lateral excursions of the mandible. J Biomech. 2006;39:2153\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.06.020.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"8376_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.12.047","volume":"75","author":"SL Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin SL, Wu SL, Ko SY, Yen CY, Yang JW. Effect of flat-plane splint vertical thickness on disc displacement without reduction: a retrospective matched-cohort study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;75:1627\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2016.12.047.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"8376_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05980-0","volume":"28","author":"A Seiler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seiler A, Lukic N, \u00d6zcan M, Kazimi M, Kaldas M, Gallo LM, et al. Temporomandibular joint space variation and masticatory muscle activation during clenching with full versus partial covering occlusal splints. Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28:584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-024-05980-0.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"8376_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.09.011","volume":"161","author":"J He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He J, Ran J, Zheng B, Algahefi A, Liu Y. Finite element analysis of various thickness occlusal stabilization splint therapy on unilateral temporomandibular joint anterior disc displacement without reduction. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2022;161:e277\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.09.011.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"8376_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4103\/jips.jips_76_25","volume":"25","author":"J Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma J, Banerjee R, Gajbhiye V, Bhoge A, Jaiswal P, Nayak K. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of different thicknesses of stabilization splints in treating temporomandibular disorder using joint vibration analysis as a novel diagnostic tool. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2025;25:210\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jips.jips_76_25.","journal-title":"J Indian Prosthodont Soc"},{"key":"8376_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.01.004","volume":"49","author":"EA Al-Moraissi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Moraissi EA, Farea R, Qasem KA, Al-Wadeai MS, Al-Sabahi ME, Al-Iryani GM. Effectiveness of occlusal splint therapy in the management of temporomandibular disorders: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;49:1042\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.01.004.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"8376_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03782-6","volume":"24","author":"S Ainoosah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ainoosah S, Farghal AE, Alzemei MS, Saini RS, Gurumurthy V, Quadri SA, et al. Comparative analysis of different types of occlusal splints for the management of sleep bruxism: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03782-6.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8376_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1987.0165","volume":"114","author":"JP Okeson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Okeson JP. The effects of hard and soft occlusal splints on nocturnal bruxism. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114:788\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.1987.0165.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"8376_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47689","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47689","volume":"15","author":"S Dhar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dhar S, Kumar N, Ashrafullah, Dhaded N, Hegde P, Chhabaria Peswani K. Assessing the efficacy of anterior repositioning splints in the management of temporomandibular disc displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023;15:e47689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.47689.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"8376_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06379-3","volume":"25","author":"L Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang Y, Chen H, Jin C, Shen W, Li Z, et al. The efficacy of anterior repositioning splints in the management of temporomandibular disc displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:1267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06379-3.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8376_CR22","first-page":"116","volume":"21","author":"H Abekura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abekura H, Yokomura M, Sadamori S, Hamada T. The initial effects of occlusal splint vertical thickness on the nocturnal EMG activities of masticatory muscles in subjects with a bruxism habit. Int J Prosthodont. 2008;21:116\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Prosthodont"},{"key":"8376_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0897-z","volume":"19","author":"S Gholampour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gholampour S, Gholampour H, Khanmohammadi H. Finite element analysis of occlusal splint therapy in patients with bruxism. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19:205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-019-0897-z.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8376_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-020-1250-2","volume":"228","author":"P Riley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riley P, Glenny A-M, Worthington HV, Jacobsen E, Robertson C, Durham J, et al. Oral splints for temporomandibular disorder or bruxism: a systematic review. Br Dent J. 2020;228:191\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41415-020-1250-2.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"8376_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ebd.6400635","volume":"10","author":"A Jokstad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jokstad A. The NTI-tss device may be used successfully in the management of bruxism and TMD. Evid Based Dent. 2009;10:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ebd.6400635.","journal-title":"Evid Based Dent"},{"key":"8376_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2017.09.017","volume":"125","author":"AF Hegab","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hegab AF, Youssef AH, Abd Al Hameed H, Karam KS. MRI-based determination of occlusal splint thickness for temporomandibular joint disk derangement: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;125:74\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2017.09.017.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"8376_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13915","volume":"52","author":"A Minston","year":"2025","unstructured":"Minston A, Abrahamsson H, Abrahamsson P, Lindfors E, Nohlert E, Ovesson D, et al. Effect on pain following one session of botulinum toxin type A in patients with jaw myalgia: a randomised double-blind controlled multicentre pilot study. J Oral Rehabil. 2025;52:587\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joor.13915.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"8376_CR28","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine. The visible human project. 2025. https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/research\/visible\/visible_human.html."},{"key":"8376_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73061-0_13","volume-title":"Surgery of the Skull Base: An Interdisciplinary Approach","author":"M Samii","year":"1989","unstructured":"Samii M, Draf W, Lang J. Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint. surgery of the skull base: an interdisciplinary approach. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-; 1989. p. 41\u20132."},{"key":"8376_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s001170050188","volume":"37","author":"C M\u00fcller-Leisse","year":"1997","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Leisse C, Augthun M, Bauer W, Roth A, G\u00fcnther RW. Temporomandibular joint morphology and morphometric findings in relation to degree of disk displacement. Comparative magnetic resonance tomography studies. Radiologe. 1997;37:152\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001170050188.","journal-title":"Radiologe"},{"key":"8376_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15635","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315635","volume":"19","author":"RA Moga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moga RA, Buru SM, Olteanu CD. Assessment of the best FEA failure criteria (Part II): Investigation of the biomechanical behavior of dental pulp and apical neuro-vascular bundle in intact and reduced periodontium. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:15635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192315635.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"8376_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12248","volume":"42","author":"LR Iwasaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iwasaki LR, Liu H, Gonzalez YM, Marx DB, Nickel JC. Modeling of muscle forces in humans with and without temporomandibular joint disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 2015;42:346\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joor.12248.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"8376_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2012.12.013","volume":"71","author":"MF Mu\u00f1oz-Guerra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Guerra MF, Rodr\u00edguez-Campo FJ, Escorial Hern\u00e1ndez V, S\u00e1nchez-Acedo C, Gil-D\u00edez Usandizaga JL. Temporomandibular joint disc perforation: long-term results after operative arthroscopy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71:667\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2012.12.013.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"8376_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.3390\/app15084465","volume":"15","author":"M Esteve","year":"2025","unstructured":"Esteve M, Rosales Leal JI. Effects of occlusal splints on temporomandibular disorders and well-being among fibromyalgia and bruxism patients: a quasi-experimental study. Appl Sci. 2025;15:4465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app15084465.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"8376_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2002.00927.x","volume":"29","author":"VF Ferrario","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Dellavia C. Immediate effect of a stabilization splint on masticatory muscle activity in temporomandibular disorder patients. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29:810\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2002.00927.x.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"8376_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1809915","author":"HK Loan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Loan HK, Hai HV, Tung NA, Phu NM, Duc NM. Treatment outcomes of temporomandibular disorders using stabilization splint supported by the T-scan system. Eur J Dent. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0045-1809915.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"8376_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.7518\/hxkq.2025.2024313","volume":"43","author":"J Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song J, Xiao Q, Cen X. [Effect of disc morphological features and disc-condyle angles on conservative treatment for anterior disc displacement with reduction]. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2025;43:406\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7518\/hxkq.2025.2024313.","journal-title":"Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"8376_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rampal S, Shreenidhi H, Shrivastava M, Singh AP, Reena R, Kumar SD. Exploring the use of machine learning techniques for enhancing real-time data access. In: proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Smart Generation Computing, Communication and Networking (SMART GENCON). IEEE. 2023;591:02002.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTGENCON60755.2023.10442815"},{"key":"8376_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2006.01658.x","volume":"34","author":"L Baad-Hansen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baad-Hansen L, Jadidi F, Castrillon E, Thomsen PB, Svensson P. Effect of a nociceptive trigeminal inhibition splint on jaw-muscle activity in sleep bruxism. J Oral Rehabil. 2007;34:105\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2006.01658.x.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08376-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08376-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08376-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T01:53:43Z","timestamp":1783389223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08376-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08376-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye Campus (Date: May 15, 2025; Decision No: 11\/33; Project Registration No: 25\/444). All procedures were performed in accordance with institutional and national ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1199"}}