{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:51:03Z","timestamp":1781877063965,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Korean Academy of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusion","award":["KASFO 2022-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KASFO 2022-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08510-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:13:16Z","timestamp":1777615996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and pilot validation of a three-dimensional skeletal coordinate-based system for occlusal vertical dimension assessment in elderly Korean cadavers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sang-Seob","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Crupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaehan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4 Suppl 1","key":"8510_CR1","first-page":"e1","volume":"130","author":"The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms 2023","year":"2023","unstructured":"The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms 2023. Tenth Edition. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;130(4 Suppl 1):e1\u20133.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"8510_CR2","unstructured":"Zarb GA, Hobkirk J, Eckert S, Jacob R. Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients: complete dentures and implant-supported prostheses. 13th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby; 2012."},{"issue":"1","key":"8510_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2011.01640.x","volume":"57","author":"J Abduo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abduo J, Lyons K. Clinical considerations for increasing occlusal vertical dimension: a review. Aust Dent J. 2012;57(1):2\u201310.","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"issue":"5","key":"8510_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2001.116139","volume":"85","author":"MM Silverman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Silverman MM. The speaking method in measuring vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;85(5):427\u201331.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"8510_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(51)90085-6","volume":"1","author":"E Pound","year":"1951","unstructured":"Pound E. Esthetic dentures and their phonetic values. J Prosthet Dent. 1951;1(1\u20132):98\u2013111.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"8510_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2006.05.015","volume":"96","author":"A Turrell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Turrell A. Clinical assessment of vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 2006;96(2):79\u201383.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"11","key":"8510_CR7","first-page":"5","volume":"20","author":"H McGrane","year":"1949","unstructured":"McGrane H. Five basic principles of the McGrane full denture procedure. J Fla State Dent Soc. 1949;20(11):5\u20138.","journal-title":"J Fla State Dent Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"8510_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(87)90048-5","volume":"58","author":"F Fayz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fayz F, Eslami A, Graser GN. Use of anterior teeth measurements in determining occlusal vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 1987;58(3):317\u201322.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"8510_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(68)90007-3","volume":"19","author":"CW Ellinger","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ellinger CW. Radiographic study of oral structures and their relation to anterior tooth position. J Prosthet Dent. 1968;19(1):36\u201345.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"8510_CR10","unstructured":"Enlow DH, Hans MG, McGrew L. Essentials of facial growth. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996."},{"issue":"1","key":"8510_CR11","first-page":"72","volume":"72","author":"H-S Hwang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hwang H-S, Kim W-S, McNamara JA Jr. Ethnic differences in the soft tissue profile of Korean and European-American adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Angle Orthod. 2002;72(1):72\u201380.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"3","key":"8510_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.04.009","volume":"136","author":"JB Ludlow","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ludlow JB, Gubler M, Cevidanes L, Mol A. Precision of cephalometric landmark identification: cone-beam computed tomography vs conventional cephalometric views. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2009;136(3):312. e1-. e10.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"8510_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx066","volume":"40","author":"P Pittayapat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pittayapat P, Jacobs R, Bornstein MM, Odri GA, Lambrichts I, Willems G, et al. Three-dimensional Frankfort horizontal plane for 3D cephalometry: a comparative assessment of conventional versus novel landmarks and horizontal planes. Eur J Orthod. 2018;40(3):239\u201348.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"3","key":"8510_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.12.025","volume":"152","author":"MN Green","year":"2017","unstructured":"Green MN, Bloom JM, Kulbersh R. A simple and accurate craniofacial midsagittal plane definition. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2017;152(3):355\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"22","key":"8510_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14222524","volume":"14","author":"Z Khabadze","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khabadze Z, Mordanov O, Shilyaeva E. Comparative analysis of 3D cephalometry provided with artificial intelligence and manual tracing. Diagnostics. 2024;14(22):2524.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"4","key":"8510_CR16","first-page":"191","volume":"26","author":"WB Downs","year":"1956","unstructured":"Downs WB. Analysis of the dentofacial profile. Angle Orthod. 1956;26(4):191\u2013212.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"2","key":"8510_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjn088","volume":"31","author":"B Hassan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hassan B, van der Stelt P, Sanderink G. Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements obtained from cone beam computed tomography surface-rendered images for cephalometric analysis: influence of patient scanning position. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(2):129\u201334.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"5","key":"8510_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-023-01629-2","volume":"128","author":"M Serafin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Serafin M, Baldini B, Cabitza F, Carrafiello G, Baselli G, Del Fabbro M, et al. Accuracy of automated 3D cephalometric landmarks by deep learning algorithms: systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiol Med. 2023;128(5):544\u201355.","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"8510_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06258-x","volume":"25","author":"C Cai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cai C, Li H, Zhang H, Huo N, Wang J, Li T, et al. Evaluating the precision and reproducibility of cephalometric landmarks in locally reconstructed lateral cephalometric radiographs from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):866.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8510_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.03.012","volume":"108","author":"T Joda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joda T, Gallucci G, Wismeijer D, Zitzmann NU. Augmented and virtual reality in dental medicine: A systematic review. Comput Biol Med. 2019;108:93\u2013100.","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8510_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155\u201363.","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8510_CR22","first-page":"45","volume":"1","author":"BH Broadbent","year":"1931","unstructured":"Broadbent BH. A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. Angle Orthod. 1931;1(2):45\u201366.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"10","key":"8510_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.02.015","volume":"49","author":"G Dot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dot G, Rafflenbeul F, Arbotto M, Gajny L, Rouch P, Schouman T. Accuracy and reliability of automatic three-dimensional cephalometric landmarking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;49(10):1367\u201378.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08510-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08510-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08510-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:57:26Z","timestamp":1781873846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08510-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08510-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea (Approval No. MC22EISI0102). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the use of donated cadaveric specimens in accordance with institutional guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1087"}}