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Intracanal medicaments may hinder sealer penetration and\/or affect its ability to bond with dentin. This study aimed to evaluate the sealer penetration and push-out bond strength after using Calcium hydroxide and a 2% nano-chitosan gel (CSNPs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-four extracted single-canal lower premolars were randomly divided, according to the intra canal medicament used, into two groups: Group A, Ca(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and Group B, 2% CSNPs. After medication placement for 1 week, all canals were sealed with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer, mixed with 0.1% fluorescent Rhodamine B isothiocyanate. Sealer penetration was evaluated with confocal laser microscopy and then push-out bond strength was measured for both groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For both groups, push-out bond strength varied significantly across root thirds (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with higher bond strength in the coronal third. The penetration radius values were significantly greater in the CSNPs group at all root levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.001). At the same time, no significant differences were found between groups or among root thirds in terms of penetration area (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both Ca(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and CSNPs showed comparable push-out bond strength along the root sections, with deeper, more uniform sealer penetration with CSNPs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinically, the choice between Ca(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and CSNPs should be guided by treatment objectives as both medicaments give comparable bond strength, while CSNPs offer advantages for deeper and more uniform tubular penetration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08558-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:06:42Z","timestamp":1779336402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of nano chitosan and calcium hydroxide intracanal medications on sealer penetration &amp; bond strength in radicular dentin"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Maha","family":"Nasr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"El-Banna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maii Youssef","family":"Elmesellawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"8558_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ng YL, Mann V, Gulabivala K. 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