{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T01:03:19Z","timestamp":1784854999504,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":67,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08623-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:42:15Z","timestamp":1779108135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of dentists and ChatGPT in jawbone lesions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6384-1136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nezahat Sena","family":"Satan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8356-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umut","family":"Pamuk\u00e7u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4025-1133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bar\u0131\u015f Erkut","family":"T\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z\u00fchre","family":"Akarslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0449-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibel A\u00e7\u0131k","family":"Kemalo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2888-2979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilkay","family":"Peker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"8623_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05939-1","volume":"28","author":"S Tomo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tomo S, Lechien JR, Bueno HS, Cantieri-Debortoli DF, Simonato LE. Accuracy and consistency of ChatGPT-3.5 and \u2013\u20094 in providing differential diagnoses in oral and maxillofacial diseases: a comparative diagnostic performance analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28(10):544.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"8623_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2024.11.087","volume":"139","author":"M Cuevas-Nunez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cuevas-Nunez M, Silberberg VIA, Arregui M, Jham BC, Ballester-Victoria R, Koptseva I, de Tejada M, Posada-Caez R, Manich VG, Bara-Casaus J, et al. Diagnostic performance of ChatGPT-4.0 in histopathological description analysis of oral and maxillofacial lesions: a comparative study with pathologists. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2025;139(4):453\u201361.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8623_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15100","volume":"84","author":"ML Oon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oon ML, Syn NL, Tan CL, Tan KB, Ng SB. Bridging bytes and biopsies: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT and histopathologists in pathology diagnosis and collaborative potential. Histopathology. 2024;84(4):601\u201313.","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"8623_CR4","first-page":"e35179","volume":"15","author":"H Alkaissi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI. Artificial hallucinations in ChatGPT: implications in scientific writing. Cureus. 2023;15(2):e35179.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"8623_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06034-x","volume":"25","author":"\u00d6F Kaygisiz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaygisiz \u00d6F, Teke MT. Can deepseek and ChatGPT be used in the diagnosis of oral pathologies? BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):638.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"8623_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e230171","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.230171","volume":"307","author":"FC Kitamura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kitamura FC. ChatGPT is shaping the future of medical writing but still requires human judgment. Radiology. 2023;307(2):e230171.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"8623_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Temur KT, Magat G. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT large language models and expert clinicians in complex oral and maxillofacial diseases. Sci Rep. 2026;16(1):4694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-34773-y.\u00a0PMID: 41486195; PMCID: PMC12868763.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-34773-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"8623_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-024-01284-5","volume":"28","author":"P Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim P, Seo B, De Silva H. Concordance of clinician, Chat-GPT4, and ORAD diagnoses against histopathology in Odontogenic Keratocysts and tumours: a 15-Year New Zealand retrospective study. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2024;28(4):1557\u201369.","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"8623_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7elikS, Kuran A, Baysal O, Seki U, Tekkesin MS, Sinano\u011flu EA. Evaluating the use of large language models in radiology and histopathology reporting: expert-based assessment of diagnostic support and patient-oriented simplification. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2025;28(2). https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/en\/download\/article-file\/4379204.","DOI":"10.7126\/cumudj.1588132"},{"issue":"2","key":"8623_CR10","first-page":"168","volume":"38","author":"M Soluk-Tekkesin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soluk-Tekkesin M, Wright JM. The world health organization classification of odontogenic lesions: a summary of the changes of the 2022 (5th) edition. Turk Patoloji Derg. 2022;38(2):168\u201384.","journal-title":"Turk Patoloji Derg"},{"issue":"5","key":"8623_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1705118","volume":"24","author":"A Bali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bali A, Vanhoenacker FM, Vanhoenacker C, Bernaerts A. Imaging of radiolucent jaw lesions. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2020;24(5):549\u201357.","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8623_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14722","volume":"30","author":"K Dhanuthai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dhanuthai K, Chantarangsu S, Klanrit P, Chamusri N, Aminishakib P, Khoozestani NK, Morozan A, Tang C, Singh R, Darling M. Cysts of the jaws: a multicentre study. Oral Dis. 2024;30(4):2347\u201354.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"8623_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.52037\/eads.2025.0014","volume":"52","author":"H Eberlik\u00f6se","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eberlik\u00f6se H, G\u00fcler AY, Akbarihamed R, \u00d6zt\u00fcrk C, Karasu HA. Evaluating ChatGPT\u2019s diagnostic accuracy in oral mucosal lesions: a comparative study with a maxillofacial surgeon. Eur Annals Dent Sci. 2025;52(2):92\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Annals Dent Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8623_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06444-x","volume":"25","author":"M Tassoker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tassoker M. Exploring ChatGPT\u2019s potential in diagnosing oral and maxillofacial pathologies: a study of 123 challenging cases. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):1187.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"8623_CR15","first-page":"e65658","volume":"16","author":"KF Molena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Molena KF, Macedo AP, Ijaz A, Carvalho FK, Gallo MJD, Wanderley Garcia de Paula ESF, de Rossi A, Mezzomo LA, Mugayar LRF, Queiroz AM. Assessing the accuracy, completeness, and reliability of artificial intelligence-generated responses in dentistry: a pilot study evaluating the ChatGPT model. Cureus. 2024;16(7):e65658.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"8623_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06582-2","volume":"25","author":"P Hajibagheri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hajibagheri P, Sani SK, Samami M, Tabari-Khomeiran R, Azadpeyma K, Sani MK. ChatGpt\u2019s accuracy in the diagnosis of oral lesions. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):1229.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"8623_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-025-01131-z","volume":"32","author":"U Iqbal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Iqbal U, Tanweer A, Rahmanti AR, Greenfield D, Lee LT-J, Li Y-CJ. Impact of large language model (ChatGPT) in healthcare: an umbrella review and evidence synthesis. J Biomed Sci. 2025;32(1):45.","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"8623_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-024-03918-1","volume":"486","author":"V Guastafierro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guastafierro V, Corbitt DN, Bressan A, Fernandes B, Mintemur \u00d6, Magnoli F, Ronchi S, La Rosa S, Uccella S, Renne SL. Unveiling the risks of ChatGPT in diagnostic surgical pathology. Virchows Arch. 2025;486(4):663\u201373.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"1","key":"8623_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02445-y","volume":"24","author":"Y Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu Y, Hu Z, Liu W, Gao A, Wen S, Liu S, Lin Z. Exploring the potential of ChatGPT as an adjunct for generating diagnosis based on chief complaint and cone beam CT radiologic findings. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2024;24(1):55.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"issue":"32","key":"8623_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39250","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039250","volume":"103","author":"A Fatima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fatima A, Shafique MA, Alam K, Fadlalla Ahmed TK, Mustafa MS. ChatGPT in medicine: a cross-disciplinary systematic review of ChatGPT\u2019s (artificial intelligence) role in research, clinical practice, education, and patient interaction. Med (Baltim). 2024;103(32):e39250.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"7","key":"8623_CR21","first-page":"e42133","volume":"15","author":"J Mago","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mago J, Sharma M. The potential usefulness of ChatGPT in oral and maxillofacial radiology. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e42133.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"8623_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.103910","volume":"75","author":"K Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim K, Kim BC. Diagnostic performance of large language models in multimodal analysis of radiolucent jaw lesions. Int Dent J. 2025;75(6):103910.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"8623_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07360-w","volume":"25","author":"RB Peker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peker RB. Artificial intelligence versus human expertise: reliability of ChatGPT and the London atlas for dental age estimation using panoramic radiographs. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):2002.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"8623_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08828-1","volume":"281","author":"B Schmidl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schmidl B, H\u00fctten T, Pigorsch S, St\u00f6gbauer F, Hoch CC, Hussain T, Wollenberg B, Wirth M. Assessing the use of the novel tool Claude 3 in comparison to ChatGPT 4.0 as an artificial intelligence tool in the diagnosis and therapy of primary head and neck cancer cases. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2024;281(11):6099\u2013109.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8623_CR25","first-page":"e38317","volume":"15","author":"HM Alhaidry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alhaidry HM, Fatani B, Alrayes JO, Almana AM, Alfhaed NK. ChatGPT in dentistry: a comprehensive review. Cureus. 2023;15(4):e38317.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"8623_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljohani M, Alwadi M, Alghris A, Alenzi L, Alshammari B, Alshammari FR. Exploring the role of ChatGPT in supporting diagnostic decision-making in dentistry. a mixed-methods comparative study; 2025.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6257182\/v1"},{"issue":"12","key":"8623_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"Z Ji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ji Z, Lee N, Frieske R, Yu T, Su D, Xu Y, Ishii E, Bang YJ, Madotto A, Fung P. Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. ACM-CSUR. 2023;55(12):1\u201338.","journal-title":"ACM-CSUR"},{"key":"8623_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.105871","volume":"198","author":"M Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou M, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Song X, Zhou Y. Evaluating AI-generated patient education materials for spinal surgeries: comparative analysis of readability and DISCERN quality across ChatGPT and deepseek models. Int J Med Informatics. 2025;198:105871.","journal-title":"Int J Med Informatics"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08623-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08623-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08623-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:42:14Z","timestamp":1784853734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08623-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08623-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1344"}}