{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:00:44Z","timestamp":1791356444083,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":80,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of musculoskeletal conditions that may affect quality of life and functional performance. Dental students represent a population potentially at increased risk due to academic demands, psychosocial stress, and occupational strain; however, reported prevalence estimates and associated factors vary across studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence published between 2010 and 2024 on the prevalence of TMD among dental students and to examine reported associations with psychological stress, gender, and stage of dental education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The search strategy combined controlled vocabulary (MeSH and Emtree terms) and free-text terms. Original quantitative studies involving dental students were included. Data extraction included study characteristics, diagnostic methods, prevalence estimates (n\/N, %), and reported associations. Methodological quality was assessed using an adapted Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE framework. Due to substantial heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria and outcome measures, a qualitative synthesis was performed, with studies grouped according to diagnostic approach. Missing data were coded as \u201cNA\u201d, and non-reportable prevalence values were indicated as \u201cNR\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 23 studies were included. Reported prevalence of TMD ranged from 15.0% to 82.3%, reflecting differences in diagnostic methods and study designs. Studies using standardized diagnostic criteria (RDC\/TMD or DC\/TMD) generally reported lower prevalence estimates compared to those using self-reported instruments. Psychological stress was assessed in 15 out of 23 studies; however, reported associations with TMD were not consistent. Associations with gender were also inconsistently reported. The overall certainty of evidence was rated as low.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Temporomandibular disorders are frequently reported among dental students; however, prevalence estimates vary considerably due to methodological heterogeneity. Reported associations with psychological stress and gender are inconsistent, and the predominantly cross-sectional design of included studies precludes causal inference. Future research should prioritize standardized diagnostic criteria, validated assessment tools, and longitudinal designs to improve comparability and strengthen the evidence base.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08719-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T04:15:43Z","timestamp":1780114543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporomandibular joint disorders in dental students - a systematic review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7442-9032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Walczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6891-6259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Borawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5623-4661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Skomro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8313-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9105-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Gronwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6278-0482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Sroczyk-Jaszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4073-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Mas\u0142yk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7399-9113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Barczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3975-6382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Grzegocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6634-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Kijak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4985-0287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Wiejku\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8387-4931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Szczucka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-1392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Andrzej","family":"Garstka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2856-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Koz\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2966-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Lietz-Kijak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"8719_CR1","volume-title":"Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion","author":"JP Okeson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okeson JP, de Leeuw R. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. 8th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2020.","edition":"8"},{"issue":"3","key":"8719_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2007.02.002","volume":"28","author":"X Alomar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alomar X, Medrano J, Cabratosa J, et al. Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2007;28(3):170\u201383.","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"issue":"25","key":"8719_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0802472","volume":"359","author":"SJ Scrivani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scrivani SJ, Keith DA, Kaban LB. Temporomandibular disorders. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(25):2693\u2013705.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","volume":"28","author":"E Schiffman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, Truelove E, et al. Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD) for clinical and research applications. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2014;28(1):6\u201327.","journal-title":"J Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"8719_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h1154","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1154","volume":"350","author":"J Durham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Durham J, Newton-John TRO, Zakrzewska JM. Temporomandibular disorders. BMJ. 2015;350:h1154.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"8719_CR6","volume-title":"Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management","author":"R De Leeuw","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Leeuw R, Klasser GD. Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management. 6th ed. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing; 2018.","edition":"6"},{"issue":"5","key":"8719_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.01.006","volume":"38","author":"D Manfredini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manfredini D, Piccotti F, Ferronato G, Guarda-Nardini L. Age peaks of different RDC\/TMD diagnoses in a patient population. J Dent. 2010;38(5):392\u20139.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"8719_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03710-w","volume":"25","author":"LF Valesan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valesan LF, Da-Cas CD, R\u00e9us JC, et al. Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(2):441\u201355.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12132","volume":"41","author":"CC Peck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peck CC, Goulet JP, Lobbezoo F, et al. Expanding the taxonomy of temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 2014;41(1):2\u201323.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"8719_CR10","first-page":"571","volume":"62","author":"L Dahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dahlstr\u00f6m L, Carlsson GE. Temporomandibular disorders and related pain conditions. Dent Clin North Am. 2018;62(4):571\u201384.","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"8719_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(01)00041-0","volume":"29","author":"TV Macfarlane","year":"2001","unstructured":"Macfarlane TV, Glenny AM, Worthington HV. Population-based epidemiological studies of temporomandibular disorders. J Dent. 2001;29(7):351\u201367.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"8719_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2007.12.002","volume":"20","author":"CR Carlson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carlson CR. Psychological considerations for chronic orofacial pain. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2008;20(2):185\u201395.","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"8719_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0586-5","volume":"16","author":"M Wieckiewicz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wieckiewicz M, Boening K, Wiland P, Shiau YY, Paradowska-Stolarz A. Reported concepts for the treatment modalities and pain management of temporomandibular disorders. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:106.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"8719_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516653743","volume":"95","author":"GD Slade","year":"2016","unstructured":"Slade GD, Ohrbach R, Greenspan JD, et al. Painful temporomandibular disorder: decade of discovery from OPPERA studies. J Dent Res. 2016;95(10):1084\u201392.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"12 Suppl","key":"8719_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.06.009","volume":"14","author":"RB Fillingim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fillingim RB, Ohrbach R, Greenspan JD, et al. Psychological factors associated with development of TMD. J Pain. 2013;14(12 Suppl):T75\u201390.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"8719_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416686302","volume":"37","author":"T List","year":"2017","unstructured":"List T, Jensen RH. Temporomandibular disorders: old ideas and new concepts. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(7):692\u2013704.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"10","key":"8719_CR17","first-page":"799","volume":"32","author":"LR Bonjardim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bonjardim LR, Gavish A, Pereira LJ, Castelo PM, Garcia RCMR. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in adolescents: a literature review. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32(10):799\u2013807.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"8719_CR18","first-page":"E467","volume":"11","author":"JF Casanova-Rosado","year":"2006","unstructured":"Casanova-Rosado JF, Medina-Sol\u00eds CE, Vallejos-S\u00e1nchez AA, et al. Prevalence and associated factors for TMD signs and symptoms in adults. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2006;11(6):E467\u201373.","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"issue":"3","key":"8719_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2003.01010.x","volume":"30","author":"CR Pedroni","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pedroni CR, De Oliveira AS, Guaratini MI. Prevalence study of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in university students. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(3):283\u20139.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"8719_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2011.02215.x","volume":"38","author":"D Manfredini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Manfredini D, Guarda-Nardini L, Winocur E, et al. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38(10):737\u201347.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"8719_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2014.78.2.tb05673.x","volume":"78","author":"HW Elani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elani HW, Allison PJ, Kumar RA, Mancini L, Lambrou A, Bedos C. A systematic review of stress in dental students. J Dent Educ. 2014;78(2):226\u201342.","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0579.2008.00535.x","volume":"13","author":"S Kumar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumar S, Dagli RJ, Mathur A, et al. Perceived sources of stress among Indian dental students. Eur J Dent Educ. 2009;13(1):39\u201345.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0579.2010.00640.x","volume":"15","author":"AM Alzahem","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alzahem AM, van der Molen HT, Alaujan AH, Schmidt HG, Zamakhshary MH. Stress among dental students: a systematic review. Eur J Dent Educ. 2011;15(1):8\u201318.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0579.2002.060105.x","volume":"6","author":"G Humphris","year":"2002","unstructured":"Humphris G, Blinkhorn A, Freeman R, et al. Psychological stress in undergraduate dental students: baseline results from seven European dental schools. Eur J Dent Educ. 2002;6(1):22\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"8719_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2009.73.5.tb04738.x","volume":"73","author":"A Polychronopoulou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Polychronopoulou A, Divaris K. Dental students\u2019 perceived sources of stress: a multi-country study. J Dent Educ. 2009;73(5):631\u20139.","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"7","key":"8719_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"8719_CR27","unstructured":"Wells GA, Shea B, O\u2019Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Ott Hosp Res Inst; 2013. https:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"issue":"7650","key":"8719_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-4052.194941","volume":"17","author":"S Rani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rani S, Pawah S, Sukhija U, et al. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in undergraduate dental students. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2017;17(1):48\u201352.","journal-title":"J Indian Prosthodont Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"8719_CR30","first-page":"327","volume":"40","author":"O Eraslan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eraslan O, Aydin M, et al. Prevalence and severity of TMD in Turkish dental students. Cranio. 2022;40(4):327\u201335.","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"issue":"5","key":"8719_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2010.494621","volume":"68","author":"S Marklund","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marklund S, W\u00e4nman A. Risk factors associated with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. Acta Odontol Scand. 2010;68(5):289\u201399.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"9","key":"8719_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1752","volume":"16","author":"SR Habib","year":"2015","unstructured":"Habib SR, Al Rifaiy MQ, Alshahrani FA, et al. Influence of stress on temporomandibular disorders: a clinical study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015;16(9):750\u20135.","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"8719_CR33","first-page":"355","volume":"39","author":"O Kirarslan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kirarslan O, Akbulut MB, Kesim S, et al. Evaluation of temporomandibular disorders among Turkish dental students. Cranio. 2021;39(5):355\u201362.","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"issue":"10","key":"8719_CR34","first-page":"1018","volume":"82","author":"MB C\u00e2mara-Souza","year":"2018","unstructured":"C\u00e2mara-Souza MB, Figueredo OMC, Guerra ENS, et al. Parafunctional habits and stress in dental students. J Dent Educ. 2018;82(10):1018\u201325.","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"8719_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2016-0414","volume":"25","author":"CP Rocha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rocha CP, Croci CS, Caria PHF, et al. Association between stress and TMD in dental students. J Appl Oral Sci. 2017;25(3):290\u20138.","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR36","first-page":"50","volume":"44","author":"T Bicaj","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bicaj T, Lila-Krasniqi Z, Ahmeti B, et al. Association of stress and anxiety with temporomandibular disorders among dental students. J Oral Rehabil. 2017;44(1):50\u20136.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR37","first-page":"e43","volume":"32","author":"AB Azevedo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azevedo AB, Viana MO, et al. Prevalence and severity of TMD among Brazilian dental students. Braz Oral Res. 2018;32(1):e43.","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"8719_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00f6vgren A, H\u00e4ggman Henrikson B, Fjellman Wiklund A, Begic A, Landgren H, Lund\u00e9n V, Svensson P, \u00d6sterlund C. The impact of gender of the examiner on orofacial pain perception and pain reporting among healthy volunteers. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(8):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-021-04286-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04286-9"},{"key":"8719_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lung J, Bell L, Heslop M, Cuming S, Ariyawardana A. The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders among dental students at James Cook University, Australia. Meetings, 2017 IADR Australian & New Zealand Division Annual Meeting (Adelaide, South Australia). 2017.","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12341"},{"key":"8719_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jivnani HM, Tripathi S, Shanker R., Singh BP, Agrawal KK, Singhal R. A study to determine the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in a young adult population and its association with psychological and functional occlusal parameters. J Prosthodont. 2019;28(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jopr.12704.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12704"},{"key":"8719_CR41","unstructured":"Ortiz-Culca F, Cisneros-Del Aguila M, Vasquez-Segura M, Gonzales-Vilchez R. Implementation of TMD pain screening questionnaire in Peruvian dental students. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2019;32(2):65\u201370."},{"key":"8719_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alahmary AW. Association of temporomandibular disorder symptoms with anxiety and depression in Saudi dental students. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(23). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3889\/oamjms.2019.746.","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.746"},{"key":"8719_CR43","unstructured":"Al-khudhair H, Al-Joudi F, Al-Rafie K, Abduljawad H, Ansari SH. Knowledge and experience of needle stick injuries among male and female dental students of a dental school in Riyadh, KSA. Donnish J Dent Oral Hyg. 2018;4(2):40\u20135."},{"key":"8719_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"2020","author":"JE Owczarek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Owczarek JE, Hildebrand J, et al. Stress, coping strategies, and temporomandibular disorders in Polish students. Pain Res Manag. 2020;2020:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"8719_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2019.1603795","volume":"39","author":"F Namvar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Namvar F, Salehi P, Asghari Jafarabadi M, et al. Correlation between perceived stress and temporomandibular disorders among dental students. Cranio. 2021;39(2):133\u20139.","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"8719_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Srivastava KK, Shrivastava D, Khan ZA, Nagarajappa AK, Mousa MA, Hamza MO, Al-Johani K, Alam MK. Evaluation of temporomandibular disorders among dental students of Saudi Arabia using Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD): a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-021-01578-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01578-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03071-2","volume":"23","author":"A Somosk\u00f6vi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Somosk\u00f6vi A, Nagy T, Petres Z, et al. TMD and psychosocial factors among Hungarian dental students before and after COVID-19. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):341.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8719_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benassi GF, Mariotto LGS, Botelho AL, Valente MLDC, Reis ACD. Relationship between temporomandibular dysfunctions, sleep disorders, and anxiety among dentistry students. Cranio. 2022;40(3):258\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08869634.2019.1708609.","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2019.1708609"},{"key":"8719_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Homeida L, Felemban E, Kassar W, Ameen M, Aldahlawi S. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) prevalence and their relation to anxiety in dental students. F1000Research. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.76178.2.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.76178.2"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR50","first-page":"56","volume":"18","author":"S Ahuja","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahuja S, Jain V, Gupta A. Association between stress and temporomandibular disorders in dental students. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2018;18(1):56\u201362.","journal-title":"J Indian Prosthodont Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02758-w","volume":"23","author":"M Nazir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nazir M, Alqurashi M, Alzahrani F, et al. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and psychological distress among dental students. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):81.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8719_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faulin EF, Guedes CG, Feltrin PP, Suda Costa Joffiley CMM. Association between temporomandibular disorders and abnormal head postures. Braz Oral Res. 2015;29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0064.","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0064"},{"issue":"1","key":"8719_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02118.x","volume":"38","author":"E Winocur","year":"2011","unstructured":"Winocur E, Uziel N, Lisha T, Goldsmith C, Eli I. Self-reported bruxism\u2014associations with perceived stress, motivation for control, dental anxiety, and gagging. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38(1):3\u201311.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"8719_CR54","first-page":"455","volume":"30","author":"AU Yap","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yap AU, Dworkin SF, Chua EK, List T, Tan HH, Tan KB. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in Asian adults: relationships with age, gender, and stress. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(4):455\u201362.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"8719_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03710-w","volume":"25","author":"LF Valesan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valesan LF, R\u00e9us JC, Denardin ACS, et al. Epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(2):441\u201355.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"8719_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h1154","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1154","volume":"350","author":"J Durham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Durham J, Newton-John TRO, Zakrzewska JM. Temporomandibular disorders: an update and future directions. BMJ. 2015;350:h1154.","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08719-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08719-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08719-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:02:23Z","timestamp":1787029343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08719-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08719-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval and consent to participate were not required for this study, as it is a systematic review based exclusively on previously published data. No human participants were directly involved, and no identifiable personal data were accessed.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Consent for publication was not applicable for this study, as it is a systematic review based exclusively on previously published data and does not include any individual-level data or identifiable personal information.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1490"}}