{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T23:25:39Z","timestamp":1786922739321,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":68,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08848-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T11:04:24Z","timestamp":1781089464000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dental caries prevalence and associated factors among 12-year-old children in Shanghai: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxin","family":"Da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"8848_CR1","volume-title":"Sugars and dental caries","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Sugars and dental caries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017."},{"key":"8848_CR2","volume-title":"Oral health indicators for 2000: Dental caries at 12 years. 850503, 0373V\/000A","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Oral health indicators for 2000: Dental caries at 12 years. 850503, 0373V\/000A. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000."},{"key":"8848_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abutayyem H, Alam MK, Al Shayeb M, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of dental caries in the permanent teeth of Arab children. Eur J Dent. 2025;19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0044-1795117.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1795117"},{"issue":"5","key":"8848_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1159\/000496932","volume":"53","author":"J Schmoeckel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmoeckel J, Santamar\u00eda RM, Basner R, et al. Introducing a specific term to present caries experience in populations with low caries prevalence: Specific Affected Caries Index (SaC). Caries Res. 2019;53(5):527\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000496932.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"8848_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quan JK, Wang XZ, Sun XY, et al. Permanent teeth caries status of 12- to 15-year-olds in China: Findings from the 4th National Oral Health Survey. Chin J Dent Res. 2018;21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3290\/j.cjdr.a41080.","DOI":"10.3290\/j.cjdr.a41080"},{"issue":"3","key":"8848_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12091","volume":"75","author":"A Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen A, Zeng X, Cheng M, et al. Inequalities in dental caries among 12-year-old Chinese children. J Public Health Dent. 2015;75(3):210\u20137.","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"8848_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02748-y","volume":"23","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Wang D, Zhao J, et al. Assessment of oral health status and related factors in adolescents aged 12\u201315 years in the Gansu Province of China: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-02748-y.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8848_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018463","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.00000000000018463","volume":"98","author":"A Du","year":"2019","unstructured":"Du A, Zhang H, Chen C, et al. Oral health of 12-year-old children in Jilin province, China: A population-based epidemiological survey. Medicine. 2019;98:e018463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.00000000000018463.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"8848_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e044758","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044758","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li J, Zhang K, Lu Z. Prevalence and factors contributing to dental caries in 12-15-year-old school adolescents in northeast China. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e044758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044758.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"8848_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907325","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.907325","volume":"24","author":"J Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu J, Jiang W, Lin X, et al. Dental caries status and caries risk factors in students ages 12\u201314 years in Zhejiang, China. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:907325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.907325.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"4","key":"8848_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2021.08.051","volume":"72","author":"T Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu T, Liu Y, Shen J, Shen H. Oral health status of residents in Jiangsu Province, China: an epidemiologic survey. Int Dent J. 2022;72(4):519\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2021.08.051.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"8848_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2024.09.013","volume":"75","author":"FM Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng FM, Yan IG, Chai HH, et al. Dental caries and erosive tooth wear among 12-year-old Hong Kong children. Int Dent J. 2025;75(2):613\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2024.09.013.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"8848_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0187-y","volume":"16","author":"CJ Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu CJ, Zhou W, Feng XS. Dental caries status of students from migrant primary schools in Shanghai Pudong New Area. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-016-0187-y.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8848_CR14","first-page":"217","volume":"26","author":"XM Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu XM, Shi HY, Li CH, et al. [Survey on dental caries status of migrant children aged 6\u201312 years in Minhang district of Shanghai]. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2017;26:217\u201321. PMID:29691564.","journal-title":"Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue"},{"issue":"1","key":"8848_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06145-5","volume":"25","author":"Y Pan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pan Y, Ma Y, Gui Z, et al. Dental caries, gingivitis and oral health-related quality of life in 12-year-old children. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06145-5.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8848_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schisterman EF, Cole SR, Platt RW. Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology. 2009;20(4):488\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1. PMID: 19525685.","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1"},{"key":"8848_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zou G. A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. AM J EPIDEMIOL. 2004 3; 159 AM J EPIDEMIOL. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwh090. PMID: 15033648.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090"},{"key":"8848_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","volume":"3","author":"NB Pitts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, et al. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"6","key":"8848_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595x.2000.tb00572.x","volume":"50","author":"D Bratthall","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bratthall D. Introducing the Significant Caries Index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds. Int Dent J. 2000;50(6):378\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1875-595x.2000.tb00572.x.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"4","key":"8848_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a6225","volume":"28","author":"Z Pil\u00e1t","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pil\u00e1t Z, Ga\u013eov\u00e1 J, Petrej\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1 E, et al. Oral health status of 6- and 12-year-old children of Roma origin from Eastern Slovakia: a pilot study. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2020;28(4):292\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21101\/cejph.a6225.","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"8848_CR21","unstructured":"Shanghai Municipal People\u2019s Government. Healthy Shanghai 2030 planning outline. 2018. https:\/\/www.shanghai.gov.cn\/nw44142\/20200824\/0001-44142_55477.html. Accessed 2 March 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"8848_CR22","first-page":"20","volume":"5","author":"JO Eigbobo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eigbobo JO, Etim SS. The pattern of dental caries in children in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. J West Afr Coll Surg. 2015;5(1):20\u201341. PMID: 27182518.","journal-title":"J West Afr Coll Surg"},{"key":"8848_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411000110030601","volume":"11","author":"P Lingstr\u00f6m","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lingstr\u00f6m P, van Houte J, Kashket S. Food starches and dental caries. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2000;11:306\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10454411000110030601.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"8848_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1079\/phn2003589","volume":"7","author":"P Moynihan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moynihan P, Petersen PE. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7:221\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/phn2003589.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"8848_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-003-0228-1","volume":"7","author":"A Nizam","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nizam A, Naing L, Mokhtar N. Age and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in Kelantan, north-eastern Malaysia. Clin Oral Investig. 2003;7(4):222\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-003-0228-1.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"8848_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20530","volume":"18","author":"JR Lukacs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lukacs JR, Largaespada LL. Explaining sex differences in dental caries prevalence: saliva, hormones, and life-history etiologies. Am J Hum Biol. 2006;18(4):540\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.20530.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"9650","key":"8848_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61690-6","volume":"372","author":"M Marmot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, et al. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2008;372(9650):1661\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61690-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"8848_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514557546","volume":"94","author":"F Schwendicke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwendicke F, D\u00f6rfer CE, Schlattmann P, et al. Socioeconomic inequality and caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Res. 2015;94(1):10\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034514557546.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"8848_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang L, Huang S, Wu L, Qin Y, Li S, Kreher D, Reissmann DR, Schmalz G, Huang X. Trends in education-economy-related inequalities in the prevalence of early childhood untreated caries in Guangdong, China from 2005 to 2021. BMC Oral Health. 2025 5; 25 BMC Oral Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06302-w. PMID: 40544267.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06302-w"},{"key":"8848_CR30","first-page":"245","volume":"27","author":"HR Su","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su HR, Qian WH, Zhang Y. [Analysis of caries and its risk factors of the first permanent molar among primary school students in Pudong, Shanghai and Lichuan, Jiangxi Province]. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2018;27:245\u20139. PMID:30411127.","journal-title":"Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue"},{"issue":"10194","key":"8848_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31146-8","volume":"394","author":"MA Peres","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peres MA, Macpherson LMD, Weyant RJ, et al. Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. Lancet. 2019;394(10194):249\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31146-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8848_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moores CJ, Kelly SAM, Moynihan PJ. Systematic review of the effect on caries of sugars intake: ten-year update. J Dent Res. 2022;101(9):1034\u20131045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345221082918. PMID: 35302414.","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221082918"},{"key":"8848_CR33","volume-title":"Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: WHO; 2015."},{"issue":"6","key":"8848_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","volume":"51","author":"RM Baron","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1173\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-3514.51.6.1173.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"8848_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martins CC, Oliveira MJ, Pordeus IA, Paiva SM. Comparison between observed children\u2019s tooth brushing habits and those reported by mothers. BMC Oral Health. 2011;11:22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6831-11-22. PMID: 21888664.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-11-22"},{"key":"8848_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gil GS, Morikava FS, Santin GC, Pintarelli TP, Fraiz FC, Ferreira FM. Reliability of self-reported toothbrushing frequency as an indicator for the assessment of oral hygiene in epidemiological research on caries in adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2015 2; 15 BMC Med Res Methodol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-015-0002-5. PMID: 25887179.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0002-5"},{"key":"8848_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sudan S, Ravishankar TL, Tirth A, Tafadar MDN. Does tooth brushing prevent dental caries among children? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2023 Jul-Sep;21(3):210\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jiaphd.jiaphd_238_22","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaphd.jiaphd_238_22"},{"key":"8848_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007868","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007868.pub3","volume":"3","author":"T Walsh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, et al. Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;3:CD007868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007868.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"8848_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656558","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.656558","volume":"2","author":"JDB Featherstone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Featherstone JDB, Crystal YO, Alston P, et al. A comparison of four caries risk assessment methods. Front Oral Health. 2021;2:656558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/froh.2021.656558.","journal-title":"Front Oral Health"},{"key":"8848_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000224214","volume":"21","author":"S Twetman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Twetman S, Fontana M. Patient caries risk assessment. Monogr Oral Sci. 2009;21:91\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000224214.","journal-title":"Monogr Oral Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8848_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517736500","volume":"29","author":"JDB Featherstone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Featherstone JDB, Chaffee BW. The evidence for caries management by risk assessment (CAMBRA\u00ae). Adv Dent Res. 2018;29(1):9\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034517736500.","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"8848_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2012.00680.x","volume":"40","author":"RG Watt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Watt RG, Sheiham A. Integrating the common risk factor approach into a social determinants framework. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012;40(4):289\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2012.00680.x.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"8848_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003067","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003067.pub5","volume":"11","author":"W Kashbour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kashbour W, Gupta P, Worthington HV, et al. Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;11:CD003067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003067.pub5.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"8848_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001830","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001830.pub5","volume":"7","author":"A Ahovuo-Saloranta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Forss H, Walsh T, et al. Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7:CD001830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001830.pub5.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"8848_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amend S, Boutsiouki C, Winter J, Kloukos D, Frankenberger R, Kr\u00e4mer N. Clinical effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants in primary and permanent teeth of children and adolescents: an umbrella review. EUR ARCH PAEDIATR DE. 2024 5; 25 EUR ARCH PAEDIATR DE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40368-024-00876-9. PMID: 38488955.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-024-00876-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"8848_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.37275\/oaijmr.v5i4.727","volume":"5","author":"S Yona-Ladyventini, Rahmasari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yona-Ladyventini, Rahmasari S, Bobby. Beyond awareness: investigating the disconnect between oral health knowledge and caries experience (DMF-T) in Indonesian primary-schoolchildren. OAIJMR. 2025;5(4):1222\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37275\/oaijmr.v5i4.727.","journal-title":"OAIJMR"},{"key":"8848_CR47","volume-title":"Dental caries status and oral health behavior among Myanmar migrant workers in Mae Sot District","author":"Z Yar","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yar Z, Narksawat K, Chansatitporn N. Dental caries status and oral health behavior among Myanmar migrant workers in Mae Sot District. Thailand: Tak Province; 2026."},{"issue":"3","key":"8848_CR48","first-page":"132","volume":"15","author":"E Kay","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kay E, Locker D. A systematic review of the effectiveness of health promotion aimed at improving oral health. Community Dent Health. 1998;15(3):132\u201344.","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"8848_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152668","volume":"16","author":"N Fraihat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fraihat N, Madae\u2019 S, Bencze Z, et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of oral-health promotion in dental caries prevention among children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(15):2668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16152668.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"8848_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lima LCM, Neves \u00c9TB, Perazzo MF, Bernardino VMM, Silva SED, Paiva SM, Ferreira FM, Granville-Garcia AF. Structural equation modeling of the association between oral health literacy and dental caries in children. Braz Oral Res. 2025 0; 39 Braz Oral Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2025.vol39.021. PMID: 40008730.","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2025.vol39.021"},{"key":"8848_CR51","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global strategy and action plan on oral health 2023\u20132030. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240090538. Accessed 2 March 2026."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"8848_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S4","volume":"6","author":"DL Patrick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Patrick DL, Lee RS, Nucci M, et al. Reducing oral health disparities: a focus on social and cultural determinants. BMC Oral Health. 2006;6(Suppl 1):S4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S4.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"8848_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3290\/j.cjdr.a41088","volume":"21","author":"C Yuan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuan C, Wang XZ, Sun XY, et al. Oral health status of 12-year-olds from regions with and without coverage of the National Oral Health Comprehensive Intervention Program for Children in China. Chin J Dent Res. 2018;21(4):299\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3290\/j.cjdr.a41088.","journal-title":"Chin J Dent Res"},{"key":"8848_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foley M, Akers HF. Does poverty cause dental caries? AUST DENT J. 2019 2; 64 AUST DENT J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adj.12666. PMID: 30444538.","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12666"},{"key":"8848_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braveman P, Gottlieb L. The social determinants of health: it\u2019s time to consider the causes of the causes. PUBLIC HEALTH REP. 2014 0; 129 Suppl 2 PUBLIC HEALTH REP. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549141291S206. PMID: 24385661.","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141291S206"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08848-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08848-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08848-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T23:08:51Z","timestamp":1786921731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08848-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08848-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Stomatological Hospital (Approval No.: Hukouyuan Lunshen [2022] No. 022; Approval date: 28 December 2022). Participation was voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all child participants prior to data collection.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1462"}}