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External dataset #1 was collected from Huaxi Stomatological Hospital, and external dataset #2 was collected from Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital. The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with relevant medical ethics requirements. The Ethics Review Committee of Zhejiang Stomatology Hospital approved this study (Approval No.: 2024\u2009\u2212\u2009117), the Ethics Review Committee of Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital approved this study (Approval No.: SH9H-2025-T247-1) and the other participating centers agreed. 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