{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:07:10Z","timestamp":1788912430230,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":76,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputy for Research, International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences","award":["62793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62793"]}]},{"name":"Deputy for Research, International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences","award":["62793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62793"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08958-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T03:55:00Z","timestamp":1782359700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Caries experience and associated factors among Iranian and Afghan immigrant adolescents aged 13\u201315 years in Tehran: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sayed Shoaib","family":"Ghafari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Hessari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hasan","family":"Fekrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Reza","family":"Shamshiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Seyedzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monire","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoosheh","family":"Ghasemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Khami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"8958_CR1","unstructured":"Oral health. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/oral-health."},{"key":"8958_CR2","unstructured":"Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H. Global oral health status report. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/team\/noncommunicable-diseases\/global-status-report-on-oral-health-2022."},{"key":"8958_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.174734.2","volume":"15","author":"AK Aalemi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Aalemi AK, Eshraqi AM. Assessment of dental caries among adolescents in private educational institutions of Kabul city. F1000Research. 2026;15:130.","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"8958_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0293024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293024","volume":"19","author":"HF Alautry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alautry HF, Namdari M, Khoshnevisan MH, Ghasemi H. Association between dental clinical measures and oral health-related quality of life among Iraqi schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(4):e0293024.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"8958_CR5","first-page":"768","volume":"36","author":"A Rehman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rehman A, Ashraf H, Munir N, Seyed R, Nayyar K, Tariq A. Comparative evaluation of dental caries among patients of 6\u201315 years age presenting to the Outpatient Department of Ayub College of Dentistry Abbottabad. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2024;36(4):768\u201372.","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"8958_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12943","volume":"52","author":"AI Orhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Orhan AI, Alkan A, Orhan K, Tezel A, Karaoglanoglu S, Oztas D. Dental caries and associated factors among Turkish children and adults: findings from the 3rd National Oral Health Survey. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2024;52:499\u2013508.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"8958_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.06.021","volume":"151","author":"A Zharmagambetova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zharmagambetova A, Tuleutayeva S, Akhmetova S, Sumanova A, Baigulakov A, Sakenov T, et al. Prevalence and experience of dental caries among 12- and 15-year-old adolescents in Central Kazakhstan. Public Health. 2017;151:118\u201320.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"8958_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.09.008","volume":"35","author":"SM Orfali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orfali SM, Alrumikhan AS, Assal NA, Alrusayes AM, Natto ZS. Prevalence and severity of dental caries in school children in Saudi Arabia: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Saudi Dent J. 2023;35(8):969\u201374.","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"issue":"8","key":"8958_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e044758","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044758","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li J, Zhang K, Lu Z. Prevalence and factors contributing to dental caries in 12\u201315-year-old school adolescents in northeast China. BMJ Open. 2021;11(8):e044758.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"8958_CR10","first-page":"311","volume":"19","author":"L Basir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Basir L, Araban M, Khanehmasjedi M, Khanehmasjedi S. Caries risk factors in students in Ahvaz, Iran. J Dent Oral Health. 2020;19(3):311\u20138.","journal-title":"J Dent Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"8958_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03566-y","volume":"23","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang X, Chen H, Hou R, Yang T, Liu J, Li J, et al. Effect of dietary patterns on dental caries among 12\u201315 years-old adolescents: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):845.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8958_CR12","first-page":"785404","volume":"2014","author":"M Mahfouz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahfouz M, Abu Esaid A. Dental caries prevalence among 12-15-year-old Palestinian children. Int Sch Res Notices. 2014;2014:785404.","journal-title":"Int Sch Res Notices"},{"issue":"1","key":"8958_CR13","first-page":"54","volume":"52","author":"M \u017demaitien\u0117","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u017demaitien\u0117 M, Grigalauskien\u0117 R, Vasiliauskien\u0117 I, Sald\u016bnait\u0117 K, Razmien\u0117 J, Slab\u0161inskien\u0117 E. Prevalence and severity of dental caries among 18-year-old Lithuanian adolescents. Med (Kaunas). 2016;52(1):54\u201360.","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"8958_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.907325","volume":"24","author":"J Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu J, Jiang W, Lin X, Zhu H, Zhou N, Chen Y, et al. Dental caries status and caries risk Factors in students ages 12\u201314 years in Zhejiang, China. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:3670\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"8958_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182419","volume":"36","author":"H Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda H, Holmes SM, Madrigal DS, Young ME, Beyeler N, Quesada J. Immigration as a social determinant of health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015;36:375\u201392.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"8958_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084487","volume":"19","author":"E Rodriguez-Alvarez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Alvarez E, Borrell LN, Mara\u00f1on E, Lanborena N. Immigrant status and ethnic inequities in dental caries in children: Bilbao, Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:4487.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"8958_CR17","unstructured":"Afghan Refugees in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The UN Iran Information Portal. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/en\/country\/irn."},{"key":"8958_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emrani R, Bolbolian M, Sefidi F, Mirzakhanian E, Karimi H, Hazara M. Investigation of the oral health status and barriers to access to dental services among Afghan population living in Iran. J Res Dent Sci. 2023;20(4):196\u2013204.","DOI":"10.61186\/jrds.20.4.196"},{"key":"8958_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05604-3","volume":"25","author":"SJT Mamani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mamani SJT, Mukamurigo J, Uwambaye P, Andegiorgish AK. Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among secondary school students in Kigali, Rwanda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:285.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"8958_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e082922","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-082922","volume":"14","author":"S Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun S, Lou Y, Weng X, Xie C, Ma H, Sun Z, et al. Dental caries prevalence and caries-associated risk factors of students aged 12\u201315 in Xide County of Liangshan Prefecture, China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2024;14(8):e082922.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"8958_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_2_21","volume":"24","author":"CE Cubukcu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cubukcu CE, Ercan I, Ozkaya G. Dental caries severity and related factors of 1307 Turkish boarding school children. Niger J Clin Pract. 2021;24:1476\u201384.","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"8958_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e822","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.17074","volume":"16","author":"AH Pakpour","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pakpour AH, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, Kumar S, Harrison AP. The status of dental caries and related factors in a sample of Iranian adolescents. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16(6):e822\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"issue":"6","key":"8958_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12177","volume":"43","author":"F Schwendicke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwendicke F, Doost F, Hopfenm\u00fcller W, Meyer-Lueckel H, Paris S. Dental caries, fluorosis, and oral health behavior of children from Herat, Afghanistan. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015;43(6):521\u201331.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"8958_CR24","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods. 5th edition. Geneva: WHO Collaborating Centre for Translation of Oral Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; 2013."},{"key":"8958_CR25","first-page":"8","volume":"21","author":"M Bravo P\u00e9rez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bravo P\u00e9rez M, Almerich Silla JM, Ausina M\u00e1rquez V, Avil\u00e9s Guti\u00e9rrez P, Blanco Gonz\u00e1lez JM, Canorea D\u00edaz E, et al. Encuesta de salud oral en Espa\u00f1a 2015. RCOE Rev Cons Gen Col Odont\u00f3logos Estomat\u00f3logos Esp. 2016;21:8\u201348.","journal-title":"RCOE Rev Cons Gen Col Odont\u00f3logos Estomat\u00f3logos Esp"},{"key":"8958_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer JrDW, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX. Applied logistic regression. 3rd edition. Hoboken: Wiley; 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387"},{"issue":"3","key":"8958_CR27","first-page":"158","volume":"21","author":"MR Soltani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soltani MR, Sayadizadeh M, Raeisi Estabragh S, Ghannadan K, Malek-Mohammadi M. Dental caries status and its related factors in Iran: a meta-analysis. J Dent (Shiraz). 2020;21(3):158\u201376.","journal-title":"J Dent (Shiraz)"},{"key":"8958_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7132681","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7132681","volume":"2022","author":"TR Adam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adam TR, Al-Sharif AI, Tonouhewa A, AlKheraif AA. Prevalence of caries among school children in Saudi Arabia: a meta-analysis. Adv Prev Med. 2022;2022:7132681.","journal-title":"Adv Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"8958_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12216","volume":"66","author":"A Veerasamy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veerasamy A, Kirk R, Gage J. Epidemiology of dental caries among adolescents in Tamil Nadu, India. Int Dent J. 2016;66(3):169\u201377.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"8958_CR30","first-page":"83","volume":"3","author":"D Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma D, BC M, Vyas N, Sabbarwal B, Yadav S, Kayasth J. Effectiveness of school dental health programs: a review with insights from India. J Med Sci. 2025;3(1):83\u201397.","journal-title":"J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8958_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904628","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2021.1904628","volume":"14","author":"DM Hackley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hackley DM, Jain S, Pagni SE, Finkelman M, Ntaganira J, Morgan JP. Oral health conditions and correlates: a National Oral Health Survey of Rwanda. Glob Health Action. 2021;14(1):1904628.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"4","key":"8958_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20530","volume":"18","author":"JR Lukacs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lukacs JR, Largaespada LL. Explaining sex differences in dental caries prevalence: saliva, hormones, and life-history etiologies. Am J Hum Biol. 2020;18(4):540\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8958_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1922\/CDH_00006Wigen05","volume":"38","author":"TI Wigen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wigen TI, Wang NJ. Characteristics of teenagers who use dental floss. Community Dent Health. 2021;38(1):10\u20134.","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"8958_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1719209","volume":"16","author":"EF Nasir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nasir EF, Vu J. Oral hygiene practice among 18-year-old Norwegian adolescents using health belief model: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Dent. 2022;16(1):56\u201363.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"8958_CR35","first-page":"CD012018","volume":"4","author":"HV Worthington","year":"2019","unstructured":"Worthington HV, MacDonald L, Poklepovic Pericic T, Sambunjak D, Johnson TM, Imai P, et al. Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal diseases and dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4(4):CD012018.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"8958_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95534-5","volume":"15","author":"L Alshayeb","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alshayeb L, Dashash M. Prevalence and clinical risk factors of dental caries in Syrian children: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):10721.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"8958_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12690","volume":"50","author":"SJ Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Lee JY, Kim SH, Cho HJ. Effect of interdental cleaning devices on proximal caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2022;50(5):440\u20138.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8958_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37080","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037080","volume":"103","author":"S Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su S, Zhang J, Deng R, Wang W, Cui T, Su Y, et al. Oral health status and associated factors among 12 to 15-year-old Chinese adolescents in Southeast China: a cross-sectional study. Med (Baltim). 2024;103(4):e37080.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"1","key":"8958_CR39","first-page":"45","volume":"9","author":"MH Khoshnevisan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khoshnevisan MH, Shariatpanahi SP, Sadeghipour-Roudsari M, Namdari M, Niknejad F, Malek-Mohammadi M. Influence of maternal oral healthcare behavior during childhood on children\u2019s oral health care during adolescence. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol. 2020;9(1):45\u201353.","journal-title":"J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"8958_CR40","first-page":"1855","volume":"9","author":"DS Anwar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anwar DS, Mohd Yusof MYP, Ahmad MS, Md Sabri BA. Family influences on the dental caries status of children with special health care needs: a systematic review. Child (Basel). 2022;9(12):1855.","journal-title":"Child (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"8958_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.206034","volume":"35","author":"MO Folayan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Folayan MO, Kolawole KA, Oziegbe EO, Oyedele TA, Agbaje HO, Onjejaka NK, et al. Association between family structure and oral health of children with mixed dentition in suburban Nigeria. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2017;35(2):134\u201342.","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"8958_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S333","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_575_20","volume":"13","author":"I Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh I, Kaur K, Narang S, Yadav S, Kaur S, Singh NV. Assessment of prevalence of dental caries among school-going children: a cross-sectional study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021;13:S333\u20135.","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"8958_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12275","volume":"27","author":"CF Lage","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lage CF, Fulgencio LB, Corr\u00eaa-Faria P, Serra-Negra JM, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA. Association between dental caries experience and sense of coherence among adolescents and mothers. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2017;27(5):412\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"8958_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0806-5","volume":"19","author":"N Obreg\u00f3n-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obreg\u00f3n-Rodr\u00edguez N, Fern\u00e1ndez-Riveiro P, Pi\u00f1eiro-Lamas M, Smyth-Chamosa E, Montes-Mart\u00ednez A, Su\u00e1rez-Cunqueiro MM. Prevalence and caries-related risk factors in schoolchildren of 12- and 15-year-old: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):120.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"8958_CR45","unstructured":"The reference manual of pediatric dentistry. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, Chicago. AAPD 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.aapd.org\/research\/oral-health-policies--recommendations\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"8958_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000077753","volume":"38","author":"O Fejerskov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fejerskov O. Changing paradigms in concepts on dental caries: consequences for oral health care. Caries Res. 2004;38(3):182\u201391.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"8958_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777051","volume":"18","author":"F Meyer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meyer F, Schulze Zur Wiesche E, Amaechi BT, Limeback H, Enax J. Caries etiology and preventive measures. Eur J Dent. 2024;18(3):766\u201376.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08958-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08958-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08958-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:28:05Z","timestamp":1788910085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08958-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08958-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Approval Code: IR.TUMS.DENTISTRY.REC.1402.018). Written informed consent forms were obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participants aged 13 to 15 years old before their enrollment in the study. Informed assent was also acquired directly from the students during the data collection time. The clinical examinations were performed with permission of authorities in emigrational and educational sectors. Individuals were assured that their private information would remain confidential.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1689"}}