{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:07:04Z","timestamp":1788995224144,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":80,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08967-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:48:21Z","timestamp":1782136101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between smoking and periodontitis severity in patients attending a periodontology clinic: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7346-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer","family":"Ogutcen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nursema","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilek Ozkan","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"8967_CR1","first-page":"S162","volume":"45","author":"PN Papapanou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, et al. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S162\u201370.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8967_CR2","first-page":"129","volume":"62","author":"G Thornton-Evans","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thornton-Evans G, Eke P, Wei L, Palmer A, Moeti R, Hutchins S, et al. Periodontitis among adults aged\u2009\u2265\u200930 years - United States, 2009\u20132010. MMWR Suppl. 2013;62(3):129\u201335.","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"8967_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S425172","volume":"18","author":"K Xiong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiong K, Yang P, Cui Y, Li J, Li Y, Tang B. Research on the association between periodontitis and COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2023;18:1937\u201348.","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"8967_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100123","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22040624","volume":"22","author":"NT Hashim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hashim NT, Babiker R, Padmanabhan V, Ahmed AT, Chaitanya N, Mohammed R, et al. The global burden of periodontal disease: A narrative review on unveiling socioeconomic and health challenges. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025;22(4):100123.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"8967_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3492","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_866_19","volume":"8","author":"R Srivastava","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srivastava R, Srivastava MK, Verma P, Gautam A. Metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease: An overview for physicians. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(11):3492.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"14","key":"8967_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144173","volume":"11","author":"B Rapone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rapone B, Ferrara E, Qorri E, Dipalma G, Mancini A, Corsalini M, et al. Impact of periodontal inflammation on endothelial function assessed by circulating levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine: A single-blinded randomized clinical trial. J Clin Med. 2022;11(14):4173.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"8967_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2001.22250102.x","volume":"25","author":"DF Kinane","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kinane DF. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2001;25:8\u201320.","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"8967_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.2025.00001","author":"H Ehsan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ehsan H. The influence of smoking on periodontal health: A case\u2013control study in Afghanistan. J Periodontol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.2025.00001.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"15","key":"8967_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8075","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158075","volume":"18","author":"R Omer-Cihangir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omer-Cihangir R, Ba\u015fer \u00dc, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckgergin C, Aykol-Sahin G, Huck O, Yal\u00e7\u0131n F. Impact of smoking on neutrophil enzyme levels in gingivitis: A case-control study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):8075.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"8967_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.9.1227","volume":"75","author":"RF Leit\u00e3o","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leit\u00e3o RF, Rocha FA, Chaves HV, Lima V, Cunha FQ, Ribeiro RA, et al. Locally applied isosorbide decreases bone resorption in experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol. 2004;75(9):1227\u201332.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8967_CR11","first-page":"609","volume":"8","author":"CA Bain","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bain CA, Moy PK. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993;8(6):609\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants"},{"issue":"5","key":"8967_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12732","volume":"44","author":"MS Tonetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tonetti MS, Jepsen S, Jin L, Otomo-Corgel J. Impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health, nutrition and wellbeing of mankind: A call for global action. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44(5):456\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8967_CR13","first-page":"72","volume":"11","author":"MA Nazir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nazir MA. Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention. Int J Health Sci. 2017;11(2):72\u201380.","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"key":"8967_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1965.36.3.177","volume":"36","author":"H Loe","year":"1965","unstructured":"Loe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol. 1965;36:177\u201387.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"8967_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356408993968","volume":"22","author":"J Silness","year":"1964","unstructured":"Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121\u201335.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"8967_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356309011240","volume":"21","author":"H Loe","year":"1963","unstructured":"Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533\u201351.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"8967_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050814","volume":"13","author":"GS Chatzopoulos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chatzopoulos GS, Jiang Z, Marka N, Wolff LF. Association between periodontitis extent, severity, and progression rate with systemic diseases and smoking: A retrospective study. J Pers Med. 2023;13(5):709.","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"8967_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.014","volume":"54","author":"FRM Leite","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leite FRM, Nascimento GG, Scheutz F, L\u00f3pez R. Effect of smoking on periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-regression. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(6):831\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"8967_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20075368","volume":"20","author":"M Madi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Madi M, Smith S, Alshehri S, Zakaria O, Almas K. Influence of smoking on periodontal and implant therapy: A narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(7):5556.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"8967_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2017.170197","volume":"88","author":"F Javed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Javed F, Abduljabbar T, Vohra F, Malmstrom H, Rahman I, Romanos GE. Comparison of periodontal parameters and self-perceived oral symptoms among cigarette smokers, individuals vaping electronic cigarettes, and never-smokers. J Periodontol. 2017;88(10):1059\u201365.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"10","key":"8967_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512457373","volume":"91","author":"PI Eke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Thornton-Evans GO, Genco RJ. Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. 2012;91(10):914\u201320.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"8967_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1999.70.1.13","volume":"70","author":"JM Albandar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Albandar JM, Brunelle JA, Kingman A. Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988\u20131994. J Periodontol. 1999;70(1):13\u201329.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"Suppl 16","key":"8967_CR23","first-page":"S59","volume":"42","author":"NP Lang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lang NP, Suvan JE, Tonetti MS. Risk factor assessment tools for the prevention of periodontitis progression: A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(Suppl 16):S59\u201370.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"Suppl 29","key":"8967_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.14152","volume":"52","author":"D Herrera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Herrera D, Tonetti MS, Chapple I, Kebschull M, Papapanou PN, Sculean A, et al. Contemporary and emerging technologies in periodontal diagnosis. J Clin Periodontol. 2025;52(Suppl 29):4\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"8967_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S739","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_721_21","volume":"14","author":"SS Devi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Devi SS, Divyapriya GK, Viswanathan K, Murugappan S, Balu BP, Sweta VSA. Oral hygiene practices and knowledge on periodontal diseases and therapy among Gypsy Narikuravars in Puducherry: A cross-sectional questionnaire study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2022;14(Suppl 1):S739\u201343.","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8967_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2009.00439.x","volume":"9","author":"L Commisso","year":"2011","unstructured":"Commisso L, Monami M, Mannucci E. Periodontal disease and oral hygiene habits in a type 2 diabetic population. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011;9(1):68\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"8967_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697109","volume":"13","author":"FA Ahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmad FA, Alotaibi MK, Baseer MA, Shafshak SM. The effect of oral health knowledge, attitude, and practice on periodontal status among dental students. Eur J Dent. 2019;13(3):437\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"8967_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20241270","DOI":"10.47626\/1679-4435-2024-1270","volume":"22","author":"C D\u2019Oliveira","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Oliveira C, Paula D, Silva-Costa A, Toivanen S, Giatti L, de Aguiar OB, et al. Work-family conflict and self-rated health trajectories among ELSA-Brasil workers: The moderating role of education. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2024;22(4):e20241270.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Trab"},{"issue":"2","key":"8967_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-023-01589-3","volume":"11","author":"S Assari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Assari S, Cobb S, Najand B, Zare H, Sonnega A. Race, educational attainment, and sustained high body mass index over 24 years of follow-up in middle-aged and older adults. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024;11(2):1097\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"5","key":"8967_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30034-1","volume":"18","author":"CO Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson CO, Nguyen M, Roth GA, Nichols E, Alam T, Abate D, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(5):439\u201358.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"8967_CR31","first-page":"S219","volume":"45","author":"S Jepsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jepsen S, Caton JG, Albandar JM, Bissada NF, Bouchard P, Cortellini P, et al. Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 3 of the 2017 World Workshop. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S219\u201329.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08967-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08967-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08967-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:23:21Z","timestamp":1788992601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08967-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08967-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Necmettin Erbakan University (Approval No: 2025\/565). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to inclusion in the study. All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person\u2019s identifiable data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1695"}}