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Group I (control): received physiological saline. Group II (vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      overdose): received 1\u00a0ml\/kg\/day cholecalciferol (200\u00a0IU) for 30\u00a0days. Group III (vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009+\u2009vitamin K\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ): received the same vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      dose plus vitamin K\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      (15\u00a0mg\/kg\/day) for 30\u00a0days. Blood samples were analyzed for baseline and terminal levels of total and ionized calcium. Specimens were examined using Hematoxylin and eosin, alizarin red stain, transmission electron microscopes, and histomorphometric analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance, followed by a post hoc test for pairwise comparisons, and paired t-test for intra-group comparison between baseline and terminal values.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      examination of group II revealed pronounced structural alterations, notably acinar atrophy, which was statistically validated by a significant reduction in acinar circumference (p-value\u2009=\u20090.024*), alongside ductal degeneration, vascular congestion, and tissue calcification as detected by alizarin red stain. These histopathological changes correlated with elevated serum calcium levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value\u2009=\u20090.001**). In contrast, co-treatment with vitamin K\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      in group III substantially mitigated these pathological effects, demonstrating preservation of acinar and ductal structures, attenuation of calcific deposits, and partial normalization of serum calcium levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value\u2009=\u20090.004*).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chronic administration vitamin D\u2083 overdose triggered degenerative, inflammatory, and calcific changes in the SMG. Also, co-administration of vitamin K\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      diminished vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced histopathological changes and hypercalcemia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08971-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T01:36:59Z","timestamp":1782697019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Histopathological effect of hypervitaminosis D3 on the submandibular salivary gland of albino rats and the possible protective role of vitamin K \u201chistological &amp; ultrastructural study\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9271-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya Y. 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MDPI; 2019;20:1971.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081971"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08971-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08971-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08971-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:01:41Z","timestamp":1782698501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08971-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-08971-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval: All animal procedures were approved by the Ethical Committee of Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University (#R-OB-5\u201324-2197) and were conducted in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) guidelines for conducting animal research. 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