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Debridement was performed with three different commercially available PADs (1\u20133) for 120\u00a0s, either with a hand piece for the surgical or the nozzle for the non-surgical approach. Each treatment mode was performed on ten implants, respectively. Photos from each implant were taken under UV-A light activation and residually stained areas planimetrically assessed. Cleaning was tested for intergroup differences by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. Potential changes in the micro-morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Taken all experiments together, device I performed significantly better than the others (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). For the non-surgical approach, no significant overall difference was found. Horizontal defects were cleaned better than steep defects in all treatment-groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). For the surgical approach, there was a significant overall difference between group I and III (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031). For both defect types, significant inter-group differences were found except for group II and III in the horizontal defect (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No configuration showed complete cleaning. Apically facing thread surfaces were found to be the most difficult to clean.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) Different devices showed considerably different cleaning performances. Generally, stand-alone devices tended to perform better than powder chambers mounted on a handpiece. (2) Throughout the settings, steep defects are more difficult to clean.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08989-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T05:16:30Z","timestamp":1783142190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Implant cleaning performance of powder abrasive devices: an in-vitro study on the non-surgical and surgical approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Herzog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"L\u00fcber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Gemperle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R","family":"Schmidlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Sahrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 16","key":"8989_CR1","first-page":"S152","volume":"42","author":"S Jepsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jepsen S, Berglundh T, Genco R, Aass AM, Demirel K, Derks J, Figuero E, Giovannoli JL, Goldstein M, Lambert F, et al. 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