{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:39:49Z","timestamp":1792787989771,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":85,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bern","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k7v4d05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although tooth agenesis has been consistently associated with reduced craniofacial size, the craniofacial implications of supernumerary teeth remain unexplored. This study aimed to assess whether the presence, number, and location of supernumerary teeth are associated with craniofacial size in non-syndromic individuals, and whether these effects differ by sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective multicenter study was performed using\u2009&gt;\u200910,000 orthodontic records from Switzerland and Greece (2002\u20132023). The sample included 200 individuals with supernumerary teeth (125 males, 75 females; mean age 12.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.7 years) and 200 age- and sex-matched controls. Supernumerary teeth were classified by number and location (maxilla vs. mandible). Craniofacial morphology was described on pre-treatment lateral cephalograms using 117 landmarks and semi-landmarks across different anatomical regions. The size of these regions and of the entire craniofacial complex was measured as the natural logarithm of centroid size (ln[CS]). Multiple linear regression models were applied to test associations between craniofacial size, sex, age, and supernumerary tooth number or location. Statistical significance was set at \u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Age and sex were strong predictors of craniofacial size (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with larger dimensions in males and older individuals. The number of supernumerary teeth showed a small positive association with maxillary size (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.011;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.005), evident only when rare severe cases (&gt;\u20092 teeth) were included, and no significant effects on the cranial base, mandible, or overall facial size. Location-specific analyses indicated that individuals with mandibular supernumerary teeth (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200950) had larger mandibular (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.016;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009) and maxillary dimensions (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.022;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with males also showing slightly larger overall facial size (+\u20092.5%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014). Maxillary supernumerary teeth (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009145) showed no significant craniofacial size differences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supernumerary teeth exert limited, region-specific effects on craniofacial size. While overall facial dimensions remain largely unchanged, mandibular supernumeraries, though uncommon, are associated with modest enlargement of both jaws in males. These findings contrast with the consistently reduced craniofacial size in cases with tooth agenesis, underscoring the differential developmental impact of different tooth number anomalies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-09159-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:51:37Z","timestamp":1783396297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Craniofacial size in individuals with supernumerary teeth: A multicenter geometric morphometric study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Bakirtzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Henninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Friedli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7304-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Kanavakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3180-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Gkantidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"9159_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11100230","volume":"11","author":"E Henninger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henninger E, Friedli L, Makrygiannakis MA, Zymperdikas VF, Papadopoulos MA, Kanavakis G, et al. Supernumerary Tooth Patterns in Non-Syndromic White European Subjects. Dent J. 2023;11:230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj11100230.","journal-title":"Dent J"},{"key":"9159_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e414","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.51499","volume":"6","author":"F Ata-Ali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ata-Ali F, Ata-Ali J, Pe\u00f1arrocha-Oltra D, Pe\u00f1arrocha-Diago M. Prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and complications of supernumerary teeth. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014;6:e414\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/jced.51499.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"9159_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/15476278.2017.1332554","volume":"13","author":"X Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu X, Yu F, Liu J, Cai W, Zhao Y, Zhao S, et al. The epidemiology of supernumerary teeth and the associated molecular mechanism. Organogenesis. 2017;13:71\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15476278.2017.1332554.","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"9159_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12000","volume":"16","author":"D Dorotheou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dorotheou D, Gkantidis N, Karamolegkou M, Kalyvas D, Kiliaridis S, Kitraki E. Tooth eruption: altered gene expression in the dental follicle of patients with cleidocranial dysplasia. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;16:20\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ocr.12000.","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"9159_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.5546\/aap.2018.eng.437","volume":"116","author":"F Cammarata-Scalisi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cammarata-Scalisi F, Avenda\u00f1o A, Callea M. Main genetic entities associated with supernumerary teeth. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2018;116:437\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5546\/aap.2018.eng.437.","journal-title":"Arch Argent Pediatr"},{"key":"9159_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.33.3.0j1227k74883531n","volume":"33","author":"OM Yassin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yassin OM, Hamori E. Characteristics, clinical features and treatment of supernumerary teeth. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2009;33:247\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17796\/jcpd.33.3.0j1227k74883531n.","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"9159_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.01.035","volume":"105","author":"RP Anthonappa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anthonappa RP, Omer RSM, King NM. Characteristics of 283 supernumerary teeth in southern Chinese children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;105:e48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.01.035.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"9159_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.15171\/joddd.2017.009","volume":"11","author":"R Tanwar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tanwar R, Jaitly V, Sharma A, Heralgi R, Ghangas M, Bhagat A. Non-syndromic multiple supernumerary premolars: Clinicoradiographic report of five cases. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2017;11:48\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/joddd.2017.009.","journal-title":"J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects"},{"key":"9159_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.37763","volume":"170","author":"M Lubinsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lubinsky M, Kantaputra PN. Syndromes with supernumerary teeth. Am J Med Genet A. 2016;170:2611\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.37763.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"9159_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-022-00208-x","volume":"15","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang H, Gong X, Xu X, Wang X, Sun Y. Tooth number abnormality: from bench to bedside. Int J Oral Sci. 2023;15:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41368-022-00208-x.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"9159_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.149670","volume":"9","author":"A Subasioglu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Subasioglu A, Savas S, Kucukyilmaz E, Kesim S, Yagci A, Dundar M. Genetic background of supernumerary teeth. Eur J Dent. 2015;9:153\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1305-7456.149670.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"9159_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16046","DOI":"10.1038\/hgv.2016.46","volume":"4","author":"M Takahashi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takahashi M, Hosomichi K, Yamaguchi T, Yano K, Funatsu T, Adel M, et al. Whole-exome sequencing analysis of supernumerary teeth occurrence in Japanese individuals. Hum Genome Var. 2017;4:16046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/hgv.2016.46.","journal-title":"Hum Genome Var"},{"key":"9159_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16972","volume":"530","author":"AR Evans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Evans AR, Daly ES, Catlett KK, Paul KS, King SJ, Skinner MM, et al. A simple rule governs the evolution and development of hominin tooth size. Nature. 2016;530:477\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature16972.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9159_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.03.001","volume":"58","author":"M Bastir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bastir M, Rosas A, Stringer C, Cu\u00e9tara JM, Kruszynski R, Weber GW, et al. Effects of brain and facial size on basicranial form in human and primate evolution. J Hum Evol. 2010;58:424\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.03.001.","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"9159_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06153","volume":"449","author":"KD Kavanagh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kavanagh KD, Evans AR, Jernvall J. Predicting evolutionary patterns of mammalian teeth from development. Nature. 2007;449:427\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06153.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9159_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2021.01.001","volume":"32","author":"SA Lacy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lacy SA. Evidence of dental agenesis in late pleistocene Homo. Int J Paleopathol. 2021;32:103\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2021.01.001.","journal-title":"Int J Paleopathol"},{"key":"9159_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11040544","volume":"11","author":"ES Oeschger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oeschger ES, Kanavakis G, Cocos A, Halazonetis DJ, Gkantidis N. Number of Teeth Is Related to Craniofacial Morphology in Humans. Biology. 2022;11:544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11040544.","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"9159_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjw049","volume":"39","author":"A Cocos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cocos A, Halazonetis DJ. Craniofacial shape differs in patients with tooth agenesis: geometric morphometric analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2017;39:345\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjw049.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"9159_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjz087","volume":"42","author":"AS Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodrigues AS, Antunes LS, Pinheiro LHM, Guimar\u00e3es LS, Calansans-Maia JDA, K\u00fcchler EC, et al. Is dental agenesis associated with craniofacial morphology pattern? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2020;42:534\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjz087.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"9159_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58565-8","volume":"10","author":"ES Oeschger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oeschger ES, Kanavakis G, Halazonetis DJ, Gkantidis N. Number of teeth is associated with facial size in humans. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-58565-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9159_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10070650","volume":"10","author":"N Gkantidis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gkantidis N, Tacchi M, Oeschger ES, Halazonetis D, Kanavakis G. Third Molar Agenesis Is Associated with Facial Size. Biology. 2021;10:650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10070650.","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9159_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.05.016","volume":"54","author":"AH Brook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brook AH, Griffin RC, Smith RN, Townsend GC, Kaur G, Davis GR, et al. Tooth size patterns in patients with hypodontia and supernumerary teeth. Arch Oral Biol. 2009;54(Suppl 1):S63\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.05.016.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"9159_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-007-0036-2","volume":"126","author":"A Cardini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cardini A, Elton S. Sample size and sampling error in geometric morphometric studies of size and shape. Zoomorphology. 2007;126:121\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00435-007-0036-2.","journal-title":"Zoomorphology"},{"key":"9159_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-015-0253-z","volume":"134","author":"A Cardini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cardini A, Seetah K, Barker G. How many specimens do I need? Sampling error in geometric morphometrics: testing the sensitivity of means and variances in simple randomized selection experiments. Zoomorphology. 2015;134:149\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00435-015-0253-z.","journal-title":"Zoomorphology"},{"key":"9159_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-009-9055-x","volume":"36","author":"P Mitteroecker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitteroecker P, Gunz P. Advances in Geometric Morphometrics. Evol Biol. 2009;36:235\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11692-009-9055-x.","journal-title":"Evol Biol"},{"key":"9159_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/s1361-8415(97)85012-8","volume":"1","author":"FL Bookstein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bookstein FL. Landmark methods for forms without landmarks: morphometrics of group differences in outline shape. Med Image Anal. 1997;1:225\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1361-8415(97)85012-8.","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"9159_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gunz P, Mitteroecker P. Semilandmarks: A method for quantifying curves and surfaces. Hystrix It J Mamm. 2013;24:103-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4404\/hystrix-24.1-6292.","DOI":"10.4404\/hystrix-24.1-6292"},{"key":"9159_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00576.x","volume":"208","author":"SI Perez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perez SI, Bernal V, Gonzalez PN. Differences between sliding semi-landmark methods in geometric morphometrics, with an application to human craniofacial and dental variation. J Anat. 2006;208:769\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00576.x.","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"9159_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071179","volume":"13","author":"W Shui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shui W, Profico A, O\u2019Higgins P. A Comparison of Semilandmarking Approaches in the Analysis of Size and Shape. Animals. 2023;13:1179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13071179.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"9159_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slice DE. Geometric Morphometrics. Annu Rev Anthropol. 2007;36:261\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120613.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120613"},{"key":"9159_CR31","unstructured":"Dryden IL, Mardia KV. Statistical shape analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 1998."},{"key":"9159_CR32","volume-title":"Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology","author":"FL Bookstein","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bookstein FL. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press; 1991."},{"key":"9159_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136209","volume":"26","author":"D Novacescu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Novacescu D, Dumitru CS, Zara F, Raica M, Suciu CS, Barb AC, et al. The Morphogenesis, Pathogenesis, and Molecular Regulation of Human Tooth Development-A Histological Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:6209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26136209.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"9159_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251336191","volume":"104","author":"R Mahmoud","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mahmoud R, Simon A, Luther J, Pothe J, Du Y, Nottmeier C, et al. Wnt1\u2019s Differential Effects on Craniofacial Bone and Tooth Development. J Dent Res. 2025;104:1415\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345251336191.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"9159_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330430113","volume":"43","author":"BL Anderson","year":"1975","unstructured":"Anderson BL, Thompson GW, Popovich F. Evolutionary dental changes. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1975;43:95\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330430113.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"9159_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"cjad057","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjad057","volume":"46","author":"G Kanavakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kanavakis G, Alamoudi R, Oeschger ES, Tacchi M, Halazonetis D, Gkantidis N. Third molar agenesis relates to human craniofacial form. Eur J Orthod. 2024;46:cjad057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjad057.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"9159_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.22514\/jocpd.2024.129","volume":"48","author":"T Gu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gu T, Zhang S, Xiao C, Hu S, Xiong X. Sex differences in craniofacial parameters of children and adolescents: a comparative study with the maturation of cervical vertebrae using a cephalometric method. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2024;48:89\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22514\/jocpd.2024.129.","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"9159_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-016-0076-8","volume":"7","author":"MJ Kesterke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kesterke MJ, Raffensperger ZD, Heike CL, Cunningham ML, Hecht JT, Kau CH, et al. Using the 3D Facial Norms Database to investigate craniofacial sexual dimorphism in healthy children, adolescents, and adults. Biol Sex Differ. 2016;7:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-016-0076-8.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"9159_CR39","first-page":"138","volume":"18","author":"VF Ferrario","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Poggio CE, Schmitz JH. Craniofacial growth: a three-dimensional soft-tissue study from 6 years to adulthood. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1998;18:138\u201349.","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol"},{"key":"9159_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330610312","volume":"61","author":"PH Buschang","year":"1983","unstructured":"Buschang PH, Baume RM, Nass GG. A craniofacial growth maturity gradient for males and females between 4 and 16 years of age. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1983;61:373\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330610312.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"9159_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22752-5","volume":"8","author":"HS Matthews","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matthews HS, Penington AJ, Hardiman R, Fan Y, Clement JG, Kilpatrick NM, et al. Modelling 3D craniofacial growth trajectories for population comparison and classification illustrated using sex-differences. Sci Rep. 2018;8:4771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-22752-5.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9159_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvae153","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae153","volume":"8","author":"LI Plotkin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Plotkin LI, Bruzzaniti A, Pianeta R. Sexual Dimorphism in the Musculoskeletal System: Sex Hormones and Beyond. J Endocr Soc. 2024;8:bvae153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvae153.","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"9159_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030395","volume":"15","author":"R Solazzo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Solazzo R, Cappella A, Gibelli D, Dolci C, Tartaglia G, Sforza C. Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Characterization of Facial Sexual Dimorphism in Juveniles. Diagnostics. 2025;15:395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15030395.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"9159_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-020-00309-5","volume":"21","author":"AS Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodrigues AS, Teixeira EC, Antunes LS, Nelson-Filho P, Cunha AS, Levy SC, et al. Association between craniofacial morphological patterns and tooth agenesis-related genes. Prog Orthod. 2020;21:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40510-020-00309-5.","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"9159_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1450-0","volume":"131","author":"A Lebbe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lebbe A, Cadenas de Llano-P\u00e9rula M, Thevissen P, Verdonck A, Fieuws S, Willems G. Dental development in patients with agenesis. Int J Legal Med. 2017;131:537\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-016-1450-0.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"9159_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56449-9","volume":"14","author":"R Alamoudi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alamoudi R, Kanavakis G, Oeschger ES, Halazonetis D, Gkantidis N. Occlusal characteristics in modern humans with tooth agenesis. Sci Rep. 2024;14:5840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56449-9.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9159_CR47","first-page":"650","volume":"117","author":"H Vastardis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vastardis H. The genetics of human tooth agenesis: new discoveries for understanding dental anomalies. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2000;117:650\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop Off Publ Am Assoc Orthod Its Const Soc Am Board Orthod"},{"key":"9159_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-142x.2003.03036.x","volume":"5","author":"SRP Line","year":"2003","unstructured":"Line SRP. Variation of tooth number in mammalian dentition: connecting genetics, development, and evolution. Evol Dev. 2003;5:295\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-142x.2003.03036.x.","journal-title":"Evol Dev"},{"key":"9159_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608798114","volume":"114","author":"A G\u00f3mez-Robles","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Robles A, Smaers JB, Holloway RL, Polly PD, Wood BA. Brain enlargement and dental reduction were not linked in hominin evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114:468\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1608798114.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9159_CR50","volume-title":"Contemporary orthodontics","author":"WR Proffit Jr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Proffit WR, Fields HW Jr, Sarver DM. Contemporary orthodontics. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006."},{"key":"9159_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41815-6","volume":"16","author":"R Alamoudi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alamoudi R, Kanavakis G, Halazonetis D, Gkantidis N. Effect of tooth agenesis on facial soft tissue profile. Sci Rep. 2026;16:11142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-41815-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9159_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20160","volume":"87","author":"TA Mitsiadis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitsiadis TA, Graf D. Cell fate determination during tooth development and regeneration. Birth Defects Res Part C Embryo Today Rev. 2009;87:199\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdrc.20160.","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res Part C Embryo Today Rev"},{"key":"9159_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20833","volume":"235","author":"Y Chai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chai Y, Maxson RE. Recent advances in craniofacial morphogenesis. Dev Dyn. 2006;235:2353\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dvdy.20833.","journal-title":"Dev Dyn Off Publ Am Assoc Anat"},{"key":"9159_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-023-6384-6","volume":"235","author":"A Duke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duke A, Paterson M, Ashley P, MacNab M. The genetic basis of hypodontia in dental development. Br Dent J. 2023;235:525\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41415-023-6384-6.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"9159_CR55","first-page":"127","volume":"32","author":"WYW Kan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kan WYW, Seow WK, Holcombe T. A case-control study of dental development in Hypodontic and Hyperdontic children. Pediatr Dent. 2010;32:127\u201333.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"9159_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.10.008","volume":"96","author":"GL Galea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Galea GL, Lanyon LE, Price JS. Sclerostin\u2019s role in bone\u2019s adaptive response to mechanical loading. Bone. 2017;96:38\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2016.10.008.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"9159_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.03.007","volume":"154","author":"G Kouvelis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kouvelis G, Dritsas K, Doulis I, Kloukos D, Gkantidis N. Effect of orthodontic treatment with 4 premolar extractions compared with nonextraction treatment on the vertical dimension of the face: A systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2018;154:175\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.03.007.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop Off Publ Am Assoc Orthod Its Const Soc Am Board Orthod"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-09159-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-09159-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-09159-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:05:26Z","timestamp":1790773526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-09159-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-09159-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committees of the cantons of Bern, Neuch\u00e2tel, Basel, Jura, and Switzerland (Protocol No. 2022\u2009\u2212\u200900399, approved on 20 June 2022), as well as from the Institutional Ethics Committees of the Dental Schools of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Protocol No. 518\/05.09.2022, approved on 13 October 2022) and the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Protocol No. 182\/10.02.2023, approved on 16 March 2023).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1870"}}