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This study employed a multimethod approach integrating in vitro and in vivo experiments to investigate the utility of gallium-68 citrate (\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-citrate), a high-affinity iron-mimetic tracer, for the non-invasive, dynamic positron emission tomography\/computed tomography (PET\/CT) imaging of ferroptosis and periodontal remodeling in vivo.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In vitro, MC3T3-E1 were stimulated with\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to model the inflammatory microenvironment. The correlation between TfR1 expression and\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-citrate uptake was validated via cellular uptake assays and plasmid-mediated TfR1 knockdown. Ferroptosis markers - TfR1, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), and osteocalcin (OCN), were analyzed through Western blotting (WB), quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterize the ferroptotic and osteogenic profiles within periodontal tissues. In vivo, a ligature-induced periodontitis rat model was established and treated with minocycline. Periodontal inflammation and bone metabolism were longitudinally evaluated using multi-modal PET\/CT\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-citrate, 2-deoxy-2-[\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]fluoro-D-glucose (\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F-FDG), and[\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F]sodium fluoride (\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F-NaF), complemented by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In vitro, LPS dose-dependently reduced MC3T3-E1 viability while upregulating TfR1 and IL1\u03b2, and downregulating GPX4 expression.\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-citrate uptake correlated positively with TfR1 expression and was significantly inhibited by TfR1 knockdown. In vivo,\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-citrate SUV values in periodontal lesions increased progressively from day 7 to 14, accompanied by upregulation of TfR1 and bone resorption. Conversely, minocycline treatment significantly suppressed TfR1 expression and attenuated\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-citrate SUV compared to periodontitis groups. The presence of active inflammation and impaired calcium metabolism were confirmed by conventional tracers\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F-FDG and\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F-NaF PET\/CT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Osteoblast exhibited increased\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-citrate uptake under inflammatory conditions, and\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-citrate PET\/CT imaging demonstrates enhanced uptake in periodontitis. The expression of TfR1 in both osteoblast and periodontitis animal models is consistent with gallium absorption. These findings indicate that\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-citrate PET\/CT can reflect ferroptosis-associated molecular alterations by targeting TfR1.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-09237-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T12:45:20Z","timestamp":1783946720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["68Ga-citrate visualization study on ferroptosis through transferrin receptor 1 in periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yeungyeung","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qijun","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjie","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10482","key":"9237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02811-3","volume":"405","author":"B Eduardo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eduardo B, Wagner M, Rizwan S, Lucas GA, Saira A, Fadwa NA, et al. 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