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Microbial samples from the inner lining of the implant mucosal tunnel were cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. As a secondary exploratory outcome, TNF-\u03b1 expression in peri-implant mucosa was quantified using real-time PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      a total of 262 cultivable isolates representing 46 species were identified, with facultative anaerobic species predominating (81.68%). The highest Shannon diversity index was observed in the 3\u20135\u00a0mm group, whereas tunnels\u2009&gt;\u20095\u00a0mm demonstrated reduced cultivable diversity, with clinically significant growth predominantly represented by streptococci. TNF-\u03b1 expression showed a progressive increase with increasing implant mucosal tunnel depth, reaching approximately 38-fold higher levels in the &gt;\u20095\u00a0mm group compared with &lt;\u20093\u00a0mm (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.017).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>within the limitations of this exploratory cross-sectional study, implant mucosal tunnel depth was associated with differences in cultivable microbial composition and local TNF-\u03b1 expression in clinically stable peri-implant tissues. Deeper mucosal tunnels (&gt;\u20095\u00a0mm) demonstrated reduced cultivable species diversity without a consistent predominance of cultivable periodontal pathogens under the applied culture conditions. The observed increase in TNF-\u03b1 expression should be interpreted as a biologic association rather than evidence of active inflammation or disease. Due to the culture-based methodology and the absence of longitudinal clinical data, no conclusions regarding disease risk or progression can be drawn.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05870774. Registered on 20,230,425.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-09312-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T08:58:49Z","timestamp":1784278729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Depth of implant mucosal tunnel influences its microbiota: a prospective observational cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Igor","family":"Ashurko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Bokareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oxana","family":"Svitich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Tarasenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kompaniets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmik","family":"Avagyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nune","family":"Vartanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamedova","family":"Rasana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Unkovskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"9312_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12415","volume":"88","author":"DS Thoma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thoma DS, Gil A, H\u00e4mmerle CHF, et al. 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The manuscript was prepared in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Approval No. 01-21\/2021-01-22).Although registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT05870774; registered on 2023-04-25), the present study represents an observational cross-sectional analysis without randomization or intervention.All participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1276"}}