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After baseline color measurement (T\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), the specimens were immersed in coffee at 37\u00a0\u00b0C for 30 days. Color changes were measured using a Vita EasyshadeV spectrophotometer after brushing using a soft toothbrush (\u0394E_brushing; T\u2081\u2013T\u2080) and after repolishing using AL\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      0\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      paste (\u0394E_repolishing; T\u2082\u2013T\u2080). Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model with Yeo\u2013Johnson transformation and Holm\u2019s correction (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A significant interaction was observed among material type, polishing system, and color change (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020). G-\u00e6nial Injectable showed the lowest stain susceptibility (\u0394E_brushing\u2009=\u20092.84; \u0394E_repolishing\u2009=\u20091.88). Multi-step polishing significantly improved stain resistance for all tested materials. Repolishing significantly reduced discoloration in all groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) by increasing L* values and reducing shifts in a* and b* coordinates. Among all materials, only the multi-step-polished G-\u00e6nial Injectable achieved color change values that approached the acceptability threshold (\u0394E\u2080\u2080 \u2264 1.8).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Highly filled injectable composites and multi-step polishing improved stain resistance and color recovery of resin composites, whereas S-PRG fillers and matrix-set surfaces increased stain susceptibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multi-step polishing enhances esthetics, while repolishing improves restoration longevity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-09651-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:26:54Z","timestamp":1787639214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stain susceptibility of a giomer and a particulate-filled injectable composite with one-step and multi-step polishing techniques, and color recovery after brushing and repolishing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Eman Samy","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham Mohamed","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled Aly","family":"Nour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"9651_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nasim I, Neelakantan P, Sujeer R, Subbarao CV. 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Ethical approval was obtained from the Council of the Restorative Dentistry Department and underwent ethical review by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University (Approval no. FDASU-Rec EM012357). In accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, or comparable ethical standards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1594"}}