{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:50:46Z","timestamp":1791827446019,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effect of different mechanical surface pretreatment methods, acid conditioning protocols, and adhesive strategies on the repair microtensile bond strength (\u00b5TBS) and failure-mode distribution of hydrolytically aged short fiber-reinforced resin composite (SFRC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 144 SFRC specimens were hydrolytically aged in artificial saliva for 3 months and randomly allocated to 12 experimental groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912) according to mechanical surface pretreatment (air abrasion or diamond bur roughening), acid conditioning (37% phosphoric acid or 9.5% hydrofluoric acid), and adhesive strategy (universal adhesive only, silane\u2009+\u2009universal adhesive, or Acid Resistant Silane [ARS]-containing adhesive). Following the repair procedures, beam-shaped specimens were subjected to \u00b5TBS testing and stereomicroscopic failure-mode analysis. Data were analyzed using three-way factorial ANOVA to evaluate the main effects and interactions of mechanical surface pretreatment, acid conditioning, adhesive strategy on \u00b5TBS, followed by Tukey\u2019s post-hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Failure-mode data were summarized at the composite-disc level and analyzed using the Monte Carlo permutation chi-square test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three-way factorial ANOVA demonstrated significant main effects of acid conditioning and adhesive strategy (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), whereas the main effect of mechanical surface pretreatment was not significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.100). Significant two-way interactions were observed between the treatment factors, whereas the three-way interaction was not significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.644). The Air abrasion\u2009+\u2009Phosphoric acid\u2009+\u2009Universal adhesive protocol demonstrated the highest \u00b5TBS value (46.87\u2009\u00b1\u20094.44\u00a0MPa) and predominantly cohesive failures. In contrast, hydrofluoric acid-treated protocols demonstrated significantly lower \u00b5TBS values and predominantly adhesive failures. Additional silane application and use of an ARS-containing adhesive did not significantly improve repair bond strength.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A simplified repair protocol combining mechanical surface pretreatment, phosphoric acid conditioning, and universal adhesive application provided favorable repair performance for aged SFRC. Hydrofluoric acid conditioning was associated with lower repair bond strength, while neither additional silanization nor the use of an ARS-containing adhesive provided a significant bond-strength advantage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simplifying the repair procedure may reduce the number of clinical steps and associated technique sensitivity, potentially facilitating chairside repair of aged SFRC restorations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-09956-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:02:38Z","timestamp":1791810158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of mechanical surface pretreatment, acid conditioning, and adhesive strategy on the repair microtensile bond strength of hydrolytically aged short fiber-reinforced resin composite: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Nasser M.","family":"Anwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba Mohamed Ahmed","family":"Al-Sanafawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"9956_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.70085","volume":"75","author":"R Latoui","year":"2026","unstructured":"Latoui R, Bouzid D, Boyron O. Dental composites: a comprehensive review on formulation, properties and recent developments. Polym Int. 2026;75:365\u201386.","journal-title":"Polym Int"},{"key":"9956_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.109495","volume":"230","author":"K Cho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cho K, Rajan G, Farrar P, Prentice L, Prusty BG. Dental resin composites: a review on materials to product realizations. Compos B Eng. 2022;230:109495.","journal-title":"Compos B Eng"},{"key":"9956_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14173463","volume":"14","author":"E Battancs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Battancs E, S\u00e1ry T, Moln\u00e1r J, Braunitzer G, Skolnikovics M, Schindler \u00c1, Szab\u00f3 PB, Garoushi S, Fr\u00e1ter M. Fracture resistance and microleakage around direct restorations in high C-factor cavities. Polym (Basel). 2022;14:3463.","journal-title":"Polym (Basel)"},{"key":"9956_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31441-z","volume":"15","author":"K Hamdi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hamdi K, Elsebaai A, Harp YS, Hamama HH. Clinical performance of short fiber-reinforced composite resin restoration in large posterior cavities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2025;15:44334.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9956_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2022-080","volume":"41","author":"A Alshabib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alshabib A, Jurado CA, Tsujimoto A. Short fiber-reinforced resin-based composites (SFRCs): current status and future perspectives. Dent Mater J. 2022;41:647\u201354.","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"key":"9956_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs10010039","volume":"10","author":"AA Holiel","year":"2026","unstructured":"Holiel AA, Mounir MA, Rim B, Cuevas-Su\u00e1rez CE, Iv\u00e1n OA, Louis H, Naji K, Youssef H. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the clinical performance and longevity of bioactive composite resin restorations. J Compos Sci. 2026;10:39.","journal-title":"J Compos Sci"},{"key":"9956_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0135","volume":"36","author":"SC Leal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leal SC, Dame-Teixeira N, Barbosa CB, Kominami PAA, Raposo F, Nakagawa EMT, Banerjee A. Minimum intervention oral care: defining the future of caries management. Braz Oral Res. 2022;36:e135.","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"9956_CR8","first-page":"e88307","volume":"17","author":"M Vandekar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vandekar M, Pendse G, Toprani N, Shitole N, Pannikar P, Chadchan P. Longevity of repair versus replacement of partially fractured direct composite restorations in permanent teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2025;17:e88307.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"9956_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.11.005","volume":"36","author":"Y Alyahya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alyahya Y. A narrative review of minimally invasive techniques in restorative dentistry. Saudi Dent J. 2024;36:228\u201333.","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"9956_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12081094","volume":"12","author":"F Amin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amin F, Fareed MA, Zafar MS, Khurshid Z, Palma PJ, Kumar N. Degradation and stabilization of resin-dentine interfaces in polymeric dental adhesives: an updated review. Coatings. 2022;12:1094.","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"9956_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19010113","volume":"19","author":"A Patangia","year":"2026","unstructured":"Patangia A, Mishra L, Kumar M, Saczuk K, Lapinska B. Effect of oxygen-inhibited layer of dental adhesives on bond strength: a systematic review. Mater (Basel). 2026;19:113.","journal-title":"Mater (Basel)"},{"key":"9956_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2024.103929","volume":"138","author":"FE Tarrillo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tarrillo FE, Nardello LC, Macedo MC, Sobral M\u00c2. Comparison of adhesive system bond strength in composite restoration repairs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. Int J Adhes Adhes. 2025;138:103929.","journal-title":"Int J Adhes Adhes"},{"key":"9956_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17172326","volume":"17","author":"M Binhasan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Binhasan M, Althobaiti F, Alyami R, Aljabri K, Alabbas T, Barakah H. Effect of surface treatments on repair bond strength of aged bulk-fill resin composites. Polym (Basel). 2025;17:2326.","journal-title":"Polym (Basel)"},{"key":"9956_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13131","volume":"35","author":"R Turun\u00e7-O\u011fuzman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turun\u00e7-O\u011fuzman R, \u015ei\u015fmano\u011flu S. Influence of surface treatments and adhesive protocols on repair bond strength of glass-matrix and resin-matrix CAD\/CAM ceramics. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2023;35:1322\u201331.","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"9956_CR15","first-page":"33","volume":"9","author":"L Lassila","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lassila L, Tuokko J, Suni A, Garoushi S, Vallittu PK. Effect of interfacial surface treatment on bond strength of particulate-filled composite to short fiber-reinforced composite. Biomater Investig Dent. 2022;9:33\u201340.","journal-title":"Biomater Investig Dent"},{"key":"9956_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3646","DOI":"10.31661\/gmj.v13iSP1.3646","volume":"13","author":"F Zakavi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zakavi F, Mohamadi N, Kaviani A. In vitro investigation of the effect of silanizing on the microshear repaired bond strength of short-fiber composites after surface treatment with an Er;Cr:YSGG laser, sandblasting, or bur: effectiveness of silanizing on the repaired bond strength of Short-fiber composite. Galen Med J. 2024;13:e3646.","journal-title":"Galen Med J"},{"key":"9956_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.328755","volume":"18","author":"R Hoseinifar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoseinifar R, Shadman N, Mirrashidi F, Gholami S. The effect of silane-containing universal adhesives on the immediate and delayed bond strength of repaired composite restorations. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2021;18:87.","journal-title":"Dent Res J (Isfahan)"},{"key":"9956_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4646","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17184646","volume":"17","author":"P Gajski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gajski P, Par M, Tarle Z, Marovic D. Effect of silane-containing adhesives on repair bond strength between fresh and aged composite materials: a pilot study. Mater (Basel). 2024;17:4646.","journal-title":"Mater (Basel)"},{"key":"9956_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.56295","volume":"12","author":"D Kamal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamal D, Hassanein H, Elkassas D, Hamza H. Complementary remineralizing effect of self-assembling peptide (P11-4) with CPP-ACPF or fluoride: an in vitro study. J Clin Exp Dent. 2020;12:e161\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"9956_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400204","volume":"84","author":"J De Munck","year":"2005","unstructured":"De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Peumans M, Poitevin A, Lambrechts P, Braem M, Van Meerbeek B. A critical review of the durability of adhesion to tooth tissue: methods and results. J Dent Res. 2005;84:118\u201332.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"9956_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.11.155","volume":"26","author":"S Armstrong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Armstrong S, Geraldeli S, Maia R, Raposo LH, Soares CJ, Yamagawa J. Adhesion to tooth structure: a critical review of micro bond strength test methods. Dent Mater. 2010;26:e50\u201362.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"9956_CR22","first-page":"228080002092661","volume":"18","author":"MM Awad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Awad MM, Almutairi N, Alhalabi F, Robaian A, Vohra FA, Ozcan M, Maawadh A, Alrahlah A. Influence of surface conditioning on the repair strength of bioactive restorative material. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2020;18:2280800020926615.","journal-title":"J Appl Biomater Funct Mater"},{"key":"9956_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2023.103367","volume":"124","author":"MD Furtado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Furtado MD, Immich F, da Rosa WL, Piva E, da Silva AF. Repair of aged restorations made in direct resin composite\u2013A systematic review. Int J Adhes Adhes. 2023;124:103367.","journal-title":"Int J Adhes Adhes"},{"key":"9956_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16111488","volume":"16","author":"MS Islam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Islam MS, Aryal ACS, El Bahra S, Abuhajjeh AJ, Al Mofleh AM, Padmanabhan V, Rahman MM. The Effect of mechanical alteration on repair bond strength of S-PRG-filler-based resin composite materials. Polym (Basel). 2024;16:1488.","journal-title":"Polym (Basel)"},{"key":"9956_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11568","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411568","volume":"24","author":"KD N\u00e9meth","year":"2023","unstructured":"N\u00e9meth KD, Told R, Szab\u00f3 P, Mar\u00f3ti P, Sz\u00e9nai R, Pint\u00e9r ZB, Lov\u00e1sz BV, Szalma J, Lempel E. Comparative evaluation of the repair bond strength of dental resin composite after sodium bicarbonate or aluminum oxide air-abrasion. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:11568.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"9956_CR26","first-page":"100077","volume":"4","author":"R Zimmer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zimmer R, Mantelli AR, Montagna K, Reston EG, Arossi GA. Does sandblasting improve bond strength in resin composite repair? Dent Rev. 2024;4:100077.","journal-title":"Dent Rev"},{"key":"9956_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18080990","volume":"18","author":"D Mizrak","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mizrak D, Garoushi S, Vallittu PK, Uctasli MB, Lassila L. Bond strength of pretreated SFRC CAD\/CAM blocks: comparison of two SBS test methods. Polym (Basel). 2026;18:990.","journal-title":"Polym (Basel)"},{"key":"9956_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9070547","volume":"9","author":"M Wendler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wendler M, Belli R, Panzer R, Skibbe D, Petschelt A, Lohbauer U. Repair bond strength of aged resin composite after different surface and bonding treatments. Mater (Basel). 2016;9:547.","journal-title":"Mater (Basel)"},{"key":"9956_CR29","unstructured":"Loomans B. May. Repair versus replacement: repair of composite restorations (1\/3). 3\u00a0M Health Care Academy.2016. https:\/\/multimedia.3m.com\/mws\/media\/1173331O\/hca-article-repair-versus-replacement-pdf.pdf. Accessed 4 2026."},{"key":"9956_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.09.002","volume":"34","author":"JP Matinlinna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matinlinna JP, Lung CYK, Tsoi JKH. Silane adhesion mechanism in dental applications and surface treatments: a review. Dent Mater. 2018;34:13\u201328.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"9956_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7131","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15207131","volume":"15","author":"Z Raszewski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raszewski Z, Brz\u0105kalski D, Derpe\u0144ski \u0141, Ja\u0142brzykowski M, Przekop RE. Aspects and principles of material connections in restorative dentistry: a comprehensive review. Mater (Basel). 2022;15:7131.","journal-title":"Mater (Basel)"},{"key":"9956_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700802","volume":"87","author":"JL Drummond","year":"2008","unstructured":"Drummond JL. Degradation, fatigue, and failure of resin dental composite materials. J Dent Res. 2008;87:710\u20139.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"9956_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12040882","volume":"12","author":"A Szczesio-Wlodarczyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Szczesio-Wlodarczyk A, Sokolowski J, Kleczewska J, Bociong K. Ageing of dental composites based on methacrylate resins: a critical review of the causes and method of assessment. Polym (Basel). 2020;12:882.","journal-title":"Polym (Basel)"},{"key":"9956_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12040950","volume":"12","author":"G Michelotti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michelotti G, Niedzwiecki M, Bidjan D, Dieckmann P, Deari S, Attin T, Taub\u00f6ck TT. Silane effect of universal adhesive on the composite-composite repair bond strength after different surface pretreatments. Polym (Basel). 2020;12:950.","journal-title":"Polym (Basel)"},{"key":"9956_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.4047\/jap.2021.13.5.292","volume":"13","author":"O Sarahneh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarahneh O, G\u00fcnal-Abduljalil B. The effect of silane and universal adhesives on the micro-shear bond strength of current resin-matrix ceramics. J Adv Prosthodont. 2021;13:292.","journal-title":"J Adv Prosthodont"},{"key":"9956_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2018.02.004","volume":"34","author":"C Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao C, Yu J, Wang Y, Tang C, Huang C. Acidic pH weakens the bonding effectiveness of silane contained in universal adhesives. Dent Mater. 2018;34:809\u201318.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"9956_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/jips.jips_144_18","volume":"19","author":"LA Melo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Melo LA, Moura IS, Almeida EO, Junior ACF, Dias TGS, Leite FPP. Efficacy of prostheses bonding using silane incorporated to universal adhesives or applied separately: a systematic review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2019;19:3\u20138.","journal-title":"J Indian Prosthodont Soc"},{"key":"9956_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.12.002","volume":"38","author":"S Ye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ye S, Lin JC, Kang LL, Li CL, Hou SS, Lee TL, Chuang SF. Investigations of silane-MDP interaction in universal adhesives: a ToF-SIMS analysis. Dent Mater. 2022;38:183\u201393.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"9956_CR39","first-page":"292","volume":"17","author":"M \u00d6zcan","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00d6zcan M, Volpato CA. Surface conditioning protocol for the adhesion of resin-based materials to glassy matrix ceramics: how to condition and why? J Adhes Dent. 2015;17:292\u20133.","journal-title":"J Adhes Dent"},{"key":"9956_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2008.09.009","volume":"25","author":"SA Junior","year":"2009","unstructured":"Junior SA, Ferracane JL, Della Bona \u00c1. Influence of surface treatments on the bond strength of repaired resin composite restorative materials. Dent Mater. 2009;25:442\u201351.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"9956_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104737","volume":"140","author":"HN Neto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Neto HN, Leite JV, de Medeiros JM, Muniz ID, De Andrade AK, Duarte RM, De Souza GM, Lima RB. Scoping review: effect of surface treatments on bond strength of resin composite repair. J Dent. 2024;140:104737.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"9956_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4274\/cjms.2020.2779","volume":"7","author":"LG Alag\u00f6z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alag\u00f6z LG, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan A. Intraoral repair of dental restorations with resin composite. Cyprus J Med Sci. 2022;7:431\u20137.","journal-title":"Cyprus J Med Sci"},{"key":"9956_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08443-y","volume":"26","author":"MB Uctasli","year":"2026","unstructured":"Uctasli MB, Mizrak D, Vallittu P, Garoushi S, Lassila L. Effect of surface pretreatment on the bond strength of short fiber-reinforced CAD\/CAM composite blocks. BMC Oral Health. 2026;26:1147.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"9956_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7663490","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7663490","volume":"2022","author":"H Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yin H, Kwon S, Chung SH, Kim RJY. Performance of universal adhesives in composite resin repair. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:7663490.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"9956_CR45","first-page":"41","volume":"9","author":"F Staxrud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Staxrud F, Valen H. Potential of universal bonding agents for composite repair. Biomater Investig Dent. 2022;9:41\u20136.","journal-title":"Biomater Investig Dent"},{"key":"9956_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2021.1985820","volume":"36","author":"AE Willers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Willers AE, Almeida Ayres AP, Hirata R, Giannini M. Effect of universal adhesive application on bond strength of four-year aged composite repair. J Adhes Sci Technol. 2022;36:1823\u201332.","journal-title":"J Adhes Sci Technol"},{"key":"9956_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46310817518","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v10i8.17518","volume":"10","author":"HC Araujo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Araujo HC, Restani A, Pizi ECG, Catelan A, Prado RL, Galhano GAP. Composite repair using universal adhesive improves bonding stability. Res Soc Dev. 2021;10:e46310817518.","journal-title":"Res Soc Dev"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-09956-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-026-09956-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-026-09956-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:25:58Z","timestamp":1791825958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12903-026-09956-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-026-09956-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This in vitro study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University (Approval ID: 33424). As the study did not involve human participants or patient-derived biological materials, informed consent was not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1984"}}