{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T03:31:01Z","timestamp":1785814261005,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Technology, Sydney, PhD Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Palliat Care"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-025-01797-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T14:02:06Z","timestamp":1760450526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Strengthening care for adults with palliative care needs in high-income rural communities: a global policy environmental scan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Virdun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane L.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR1","first-page":"38","volume":"37","author":"D Currow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Currow D, Phillips JL. Evolution of palliative care in Australia 1973\u20132013. Cancer Forum. 2013;37(1):38\u201342.","journal-title":"Cancer Forum"},{"key":"1797_CR2","unstructured":"Ritchie H, Spooner F, Roser M. Causes of death OurWorldInData.org 2018. Available from: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/causes-of-death."},{"key":"1797_CR3","unstructured":"The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Results 2023 [Available from: https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-results\/."},{"key":"1797_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Assembly. Strengthening of palliative care as a component of comprehensive care throughout the life course. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/162863."},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-019-0172-1","volume":"18","author":"E Chukwusa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chukwusa E, Verne J, Polato G, Taylor R, Higginson IJ, Gao W. Urban and rural differences in geographical accessibility to inpatient palliative and end-of-life (PEoLC) facilities and place of death: a national population-based study in England, UK. Int J Health Geogr. 2019;18(1):8.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr."},{"issue":"4","key":"1797_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12351","volume":"35","author":"C Del Rosario","year":"2019","unstructured":"Del Rosario C, Kutney-Lee A, Sochalski J, Ersek M. Does Quality of End-of-Life Care Differ by Urban-Rural Location? A Comparison of Processes and Family Evaluations of Care in the VA. J Rural Health. 2019;35(4):528\u201339.","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"key":"1797_CR7","unstructured":"The World Counts. World Rural Population 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.theworldcounts.com\/populations\/world\/world-rural-population."},{"key":"1797_CR8","unstructured":"Statista. Share of population worldwide living in rural areas 1990\u20132022, by income levels 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1328185\/rural-population-rate-worldwide-income-level\/#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20less%20than%20one%20fifth%20of%20the,in%20the%20least%20developed%20and%20low%20income%20countries."},{"issue":"4","key":"1797_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481502200411","volume":"22","author":"MA Bakitas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakitas MA, Elk R, Astin M, Ceronsky L, Clifford KN, Dionne-Odom JN, Emanuel LL, Fink RM, Kvale E, Levkoff S, Ritchie C, Smith T. Systematic Review of Palliative Care in the Rural Setting. Cancer Control. 2015;22(4):450\u201364.","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"1797_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2007.02.016","volume":"33","author":"J Stjernsw\u00e4rd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stjernsw\u00e4rd J, Foley KM, Ferris FD. The Public Health Strategy for Palliative Care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;33(5):486\u201393.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"1797_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190224653.001.0001","volume-title":"Prevention, policy, and public health","author":"AA Eyler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eyler AA. Prevention, policy, and public health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"1797_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2008.0228","volume":"12","author":"CA Robinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robinson CA, Pesut B, Bottorff JL, Mowry A, Broughton S, Fyles G. Rural Palliative Care: A Comprehensive Review. J Palliat Med. 2009;12(3):5.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"key":"1797_CR13","unstructured":"Kaasalainen S, Brazil K, Williams A, Wilson D, Willison K, Marshall D, et al. Barriers and enablers to providing palliative care in rural communities: a nursing perspective. Journal of Rural and Community Development. 2012;7(4)."},{"key":"1797_CR14","volume-title":"Cancer pain relief and palliative care : report of a WHO expert committee [meeting held in Geneva from 3 to 10 July 1989]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1990","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Cancer pain relief and palliative care : report of a WHO expert committee [meeting held in Geneva from 3 to 10 July 1989]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1990. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/39524."},{"key":"1797_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rainsford S, Macleod RD, Glasgow NJ. Place of death in rural palliative care: A systematic review. Palliat Med. 2016;30(8):745\u201363.","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216316628779"},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2009.00268.x","volume":"26","author":"CA Robinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robinson CA, Pesut B, Bottorff JL. Issues in rural palliative care: views from the countryside. J Rural Health. 2010;26(1):78\u201384.","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"key":"1797_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-684X-12-7","volume":"12","author":"B Gomes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gomes B, Calanzani N, Gysels M, Hall S, Higginson IJ. Heterogeneity and changes in preferences for dying at home: a systematic review. BMC Palliat Care. 2013;12:7.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2007.08.017","volume":"36","author":"JL Phillips","year":"2008","unstructured":"Phillips JL, Davidson PM, Newton PJ, DiGiacomo M. Supporting patients and their caregivers after-hours at the end of life: the role of telephone support. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008;36(1):11\u201321.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"1797_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedder T, Elliott L, Lewis K. Analysis of common barriers to rural patients utilizing hospice and palliative care services: An integrated literature review. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(6):356\u201362.","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12475"},{"issue":"4","key":"1797_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/ANS.0b013e31826b8687","volume":"35","author":"B Pesut","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pesut B, McLeod B, Hole R, Dalhuisen M. Rural Nursing and Quality End-of-Life Care Palliative Care \u2026 Palliative Approach \u2026 or Somewhere In-Between? Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(4):17.","journal-title":"Adv Nurs Sci"},{"key":"1797_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rainsford S, Macleod RD, Glasgow NJ, Phillips CB, Wiles RB, Wilson DM. Rural end-of-life care from the experiences and perspectives of patients and family caregivers: A systematic literature review. Palliat Med. 2017;31(10):895\u2013912.","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216316685234"},{"issue":"2","key":"1797_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0394-5","volume":"58","author":"JB Broad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Broad JB, Gott M, Kim H, Boyd M, Chen H, Connolly MJ. Where do people die? An international comparison of the percentage of deaths occurring in hospital and residential aged care settings in 45 populations, using published and available statistics. Int J Public Health. 2013;58(2):257\u201367.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/pmr.2020.0062","volume":"1","author":"D Clelland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clelland D, van Steijn D, Whitelaw S, Connor S, Centeno C, Clark D. Palliative Care in Public Policy: Results from a Global Survey. Palliat Med Rep. 2020;1(1):183\u201390.","journal-title":"Palliat Med Rep"},{"key":"1797_CR24","unstructured":"Institute TEI. The 2015 Quality of Death Index: Ranking palliative care across the world. Singapore; 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"1797_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2021.12.015","volume":"63","author":"EA Finkelstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Finkelstein EA, Bhadelia A, Goh C, Baid D, Singh R, Bhatnagar S, et al. Cross Country Comparison of Expert Assessments of the Quality of Death and Dying 2021. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2022;63(4):e419\u201329.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"1797_CR26","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Assessing national capacity for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: report of the 2019 global survey. Geneva; 2020. Available from https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240002319."},{"issue":"3","key":"1797_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.37464\/2006.233.1935","volume":"23","author":"P Davidson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Davidson P, Hickman L, Graham B, Halcomb E, Phillips J. Beyond the rhetoric: what do we mean by a 'model of care'? Aust J Adv Nurs. 2006;23(3):47\u201355.","journal-title":"Aust J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"1797_CR28","volume-title":"Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions. Geneva: Health NDaM; 2002. Available from https:\/\/www.who.int\/chp\/knowledge\/publications\/icccglobalreport.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"1797_CR29","unstructured":"Department of Health and Ageing. National Palliative Care Strategy: A framework for palliative care service development Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing; 2000. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/resources\/publications\/the-national-palliative-care-strategy-2018?language=en."},{"key":"1797_CR30","unstructured":"New Zealand Ministry of Health. The New Zealand Palliative Care Strategy: Ministry of Health; 2001. Available from: https:\/\/www.tewhatuora.govt.nz\/publications\/the-new-zealand-palliative-care-strategy."},{"key":"1797_CR31","unstructured":"Department of Health and Ageing. Supporting Australians to Live Well at the End of Life: National Palliative Care Strategy 2010. Canberra; 2010."},{"key":"1797_CR32","unstructured":"Department of Health and Children (Ireland). Report of the National Advisory Committee on PALLIATIVE CARE 2001. Available from: https:\/\/assets.gov.ie\/9240\/1a34b770c7ee43afbf1c69a81c4391e2.pdf."},{"key":"1797_CR33","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care. End of Life Care Strategy: promoting high quality care for adults at the end of their life. London; 2008. Contract No.: October 10, 2023. Available from https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/end-of-life-care-strategy-promoting-high-quality-care-for-adults-at-the-end-of-their-life."},{"key":"1797_CR34","first-page":"2024","volume":"29","author":"WA Cancer and Palliative Care Network","year":"2008","unstructured":"WA Cancer and Palliative Care Network. Rural Palliative Care Model in Western Australia. Perth; 2008 July 29, 2024. Available from https:\/\/www.health.wa.gov.au\/~\/media\/Files\/Corporate\/general-documents\/Health-Networks\/WA-Cancer-and-Palliative-Care\/Palliative-care\/Rural-Palliative-Care-Model-in-Western-Australia.pdf.","journal-title":"Perth"},{"issue":"3","key":"1797_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163211068278","volume":"36","author":"I Schaefer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schaefer I, DiGiacomo M, Heneka N, Panozzo S, Luckett T, Phillips JL. Palliative care needs and experiences of people in prison: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Palliat Med. 2022;36(3):443\u201361.","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-018-0320-6","volume":"17","author":"HT Klop","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klop HT, de Veer AJE, van Dongen SI, Francke AL, Rietjens JAC, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD. Palliative care for homeless people: a systematic review of the concerns, care needs and preferences, and the barriers and facilitators for providing palliative care. BMC Palliat Care. 2018;17(1):67.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"1797_CR37","unstructured":"United Nations. 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html."},{"issue":"8","key":"1797_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163231183994","volume":"37","author":"C Marshall","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marshall C, Virdun C, Phillips JL. Evidence-based models of rural palliative care: A systematic review. Palliat Med. 2023;37(8):1129\u201343.","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1797_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e050284","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050284","volume":"11","author":"P Charlton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Charlton P, Kean T, Liu RH, Nagel DA, Azar R, Doucet S, et al. Use of environmental scans in health services delivery research: a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2021;11(11):e050284-e.","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"1797_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2010.943.ps1-23","volume":"8","author":"V Scobba","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scobba V. PS1-23: The Environmental Scan: A Valuable Community Health Research Tool. Clin Med Res. 2010;8(3\u20134):184\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3121\/cmr.2010.943.ps1-23.","journal-title":"Clin Med Res."},{"key":"1797_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E109","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.160165","volume":"13","author":"A Wilburn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilburn A, Vanderpool RC, Knight JR. Environmental Scanning as a Public Health Tool: Kentucky\u2019s Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Project. Prev Chronic Dis. 2016;13:E109.","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"1797_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269216324126979","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163241269796","volume":"38","author":"C Marshall","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marshall C, Virdun C, Phillips JL. Patient and family perspectives on rural palliative care models: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Palliat Med. 2024;38:2692163241269796.","journal-title":"Palliat Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"1797_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12144","volume":"13","author":"H Khalil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khalil H, Peters M, Godfrey CM, McInerney P, Soares CB, Parker D. An Evidence-Based Approach to Scoping Reviews. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2016;13(2):118\u201323.","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid Based Nurs"},{"issue":"7","key":"1797_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1797_CR45","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Health system governance 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/health-systems-governance#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"1797_CR46","unstructured":"The World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups: The World Bank Group; 2020 [22\/07\/2020]. Available from: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups."},{"key":"1797_CR47","unstructured":"World Population Review. Most Rural States 2024 2024. Available from: https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/state-rankings\/most-rural-states."},{"issue":"13","key":"1797_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1215620","volume":"368","author":"TE Quill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quill TE, Abernethy AP. Generalist plus Specialist Palliative Care \u2014 Creating a More Sustainable Model. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(13):1173\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1797_CR49","unstructured":"Palliative Care Law and Policy GPS [Internet]. 2024 [cited 01\/05\/2025]. Available from: https:\/\/palliativecarelawandpolicy.yale.edu\/."},{"key":"1797_CR50","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) n.d. Available from: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/statistical-geography\/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs."},{"key":"1797_CR51","unstructured":"Department of Health and Aged Care. Modified Monash Model 2023.Available from: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/topics\/rural-health-workforce\/classifications\/mmm."},{"key":"1797_CR52","unstructured":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affair. Rural Urban Classification: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/collections\/rural-urban-classification."},{"key":"1797_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krippendorff K. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Incorporated; 2019.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071878781"},{"key":"1797_CR54","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis : a practical guide. 21st edition ed. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2022."},{"key":"1797_CR55","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health. National Palliative Care Strategy 2018: Australian Government Department of Health; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/resources\/publications\/the-national-palliative-care-strategy-2018?language=en."},{"key":"1797_CR56","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health. Implementation Plan for the National Palliative Care Strategy 2018: Australian Government Department of Health; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/2020\/10\/implementation-plan-for-the-national-palliative-care-strategy-2018_2.pdf."},{"key":"1797_CR57","unstructured":"NSW Ministry of Health. End of Life and Palliative CareFramework 2019-202: NSW Ministry of Health; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/palliativecare\/Pages\/eol-pc-framework.aspx."},{"key":"1797_CR58","unstructured":"Queensland Health. Queensland Health Palliative and End-of-Life Care Strategy 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.qld.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0026\/1183544\/palliative-care-strategy-queensland-health.pdf."},{"key":"1797_CR59","unstructured":"Queensland health. Queensland Health Specialist Palliative Care Workforce Plan. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.qld.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0025\/1183543\/palliative-care-workforce-plan-publication.pdf."},{"key":"1797_CR60","unstructured":"Government of South Australia: SA Health. South Australia's Palliative Care Strategic Framework: SA Health; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.sahealth.sa.gov.au\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/54c48d50-0124-471a-a1fb-ba7daa0e0c79\/21064.3+Palliative+Care+Strategic+Framework-2022-2027-WEB.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-54c48d50-0124-471a-a1fb-ba7daa0e0c79-nSjyFKq."},{"key":"1797_CR61","unstructured":"Tasmanian Government Department of Health. Tasmanian Palliative and End of Life Care Policy Framework 2022\u201327: Tasmanian Government Department of Health; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.tas.gov.au\/publications\/tasmanian-palliative-care-policy-framework-2022-27."},{"key":"1797_CR62","unstructured":"Government of Western Australia Department of Health. WA End-of-Life and Palliative Care Strategy 2018\u20132028: WA Cancer and Palliative Care Network; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.wa.gov.au\/~\/media\/Corp\/Documents\/Health-for\/End-of-Life\/WA-End-of-life-and-Palliative-Care-Strategy-2018-2028.pdf."},{"key":"1797_CR63","unstructured":"Government of Western Australia Department of Health and the WA Cancer and Palliative care Network. WA End-of-Life and Palliative Care Strategy 2018\u20132028: Implementation Plan One 2020\u20132022 (IP1): Department of Health; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.wa.gov.au\/~\/media\/Files\/Corporate\/general-documents\/Health-Networks\/Palliative-care\/end-of-life-palliative-care-strategy.pdf. SB95 Palliative Care Advisory Panel, Act N0. 2015\u2013207 (2015)."},{"key":"1797_CR64","unstructured":"Health Canada. Framework On Palliative Care In Canada: Health Canada; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/health-care-system\/reports-publications\/palliative-care\/framework-palliative-care-canada.html."},{"key":"1797_CR65","unstructured":"Health Canada. Action Plan On Palliative Care Building On The Framework On Palliative Care In Canada: Health Canada; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/hc-sc\/documents\/services\/health-care-system\/reports-publications\/palliative-care\/action-plan-palliative-care\/action-plan-palliative-care-eng.pdf."},{"key":"1797_CR66","unstructured":"Manat\u016b Hauora - Ministry of Health (New Zealand). Palliative Care Action Plan: Manat\u016b Hauora - Ministry of Health; 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.tewhatuora.govt.nz\/publications\/palliative-care-action-plan."},{"key":"1797_CR67","unstructured":"Manat\u016b Hauora - Ministry of Health (New Zealand). Review of Adult Palliative Care Services in New Zealand. Wellington; 2017. Available from https:\/\/www.tewhatuora.govt.nz\/publications\/review-of-adult-palliative-care-services-in-new-zealand\/."},{"key":"1797_CR68","unstructured":"Manat\u016b Hauora - Ministry of Health (New Zealand). Resource and Capability Framework for Integrated Adult Palliative Care Services in New Zealand: Manat\u016b Hauora - Ministry of Health; 2013. Available from: https:\/\/www.tewhatuora.govt.nz\/publications\/resource-and-capability-framework-for-integrated-adult-palliative-care-services-in-new-zealand\/."},{"key":"1797_CR69","unstructured":"Establishes a State Advisory Council on Palliative Care and Quality of Life (2015 AL SB95) [Health department, palliative care and quality of life, state advisory council, appointed by state health officer, advisory capacity to department], Alabama Legislature (2015)."},{"key":"1797_CR70","unstructured":"Sosiaali- ja terveysministeri\u00f6. Suositus palliatiivisen hoidon palveluiden tuottamisesta ja laadun parantamisesta Suomessa: Palliatiivisen hoidon asiantuntijaryhm\u00e4n loppuraportti. In: terveysministeri\u00f6 S-j, editor. 2022."},{"key":"1797_CR71","unstructured":"Scottish Government. Palliative Care Matters for All: Working together to improve life, health and care for people of all ages living with serious illnesses and health conditions or dying in Scotland (2025 \u2013 2030). Edinburgh: Scottish Government; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/palliative-care-strategy-palliative-care-matters\/."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1797_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Ab014","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.s014","volume":"7","author":"ML Kelley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kelley ML. The evolution of the Kelley community capacity development model for palliative care. Ann Palliat Med. 2018;7(Suppl 1):Ab014.","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"1797_CR73","first-page":"1717","volume":"11","author":"ML Kelley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kelley ML, Williams A, DeMiglio L, Mettam H. Developing rural palliative care: validating a conceptual model. Rural Remote Health. 2011;11(2):1717.","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"1797_CR74","unstructured":"Victoria State Government Department of Health. Victoria\u2019s end of life and palliative care framework: A guide for high-quality end of life care for all Victorians: Victoria State Government Department of Health; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/content.health.vic.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-11\/victorias-end-of-life-palliative-care-framework.pdf."},{"issue":"4","key":"1797_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13955","volume":"57","author":"J Purtle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Purtle J, Nelson KL, Lengnick-Hall R, Horwitz SMC, Palinkas LA, McKay MM, et al. Inter-agency collaboration is associated with increased frequency of research use in children\u2019s mental health policy making. Health Serv Res. 2022;57(4):842\u201352.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"1797_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S265610","volume":"13","author":"B O'Sullivan","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan B, Leader J, Couch D, Purnell J. Rural Pandemic Preparedness: The Risk, Resilience and Response Required of Primary Healthcare. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:1187\u201394.","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"1797_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20409","volume":"38","author":"E Buikstra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buikstra E, Ross H, King CA, Baker PG, Hegney D, McLachlan K, et al. The components of resilience\u2014Perceptions of an Australian rural community. J Community Psychol. 2010;38(8):975\u201391.","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"key":"1797_CR78","volume-title":"Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention: global policy recommendations","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention: global policy recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/increasing-access-to-health-workers-in-remote-and-rural-areas-through-improved-retention."},{"key":"1797_CR79","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Infrastructure Regional Development and Cities. Economies of scale and regional services. Canberra: Australia; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.bitre.gov.au\/publications\/2019\/economies_of_scale_and_regional_services."},{"issue":"12","key":"1797_CR80","first-page":"1703","volume":"54","author":"D Marshall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marshall D, Howell D, Brazil K, Howard M, Taniguchi A. Enhancing family physician capacity to deliver quality palliative home care An end-of-life, shared-care model. Can Fam Physician. 2008;54(12):1703-.e7.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician."},{"key":"1797_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-684X-13-24","volume":"13","author":"G Mitchell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitchell G, Zhang J, Burridge L, Senior H, Miller E, Young S, et al. Case conferences between general practitioners and specialist teams to plan end of life care of people with end stage heart failure and lung disease: an exploratory pilot study. BMC Palliat Care. 2014;13:24.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"1797_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-016-0163-y","volume":"15","author":"GK Mitchell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mitchell GK, Senior HE, Bibo MP, Makoni B, Young SN, Rosenberg JP, et al. Evaluation of a pilot of nurse practitioner led, GP supported rural palliative care provision. BMC Palliat Care. 2016;15:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X20966466","volume":"29","author":"B Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang B, Bills M, Poon P. Integrated telehealth-assisted home-based specialist palliative care in rural Australia: A feasibility study. J Telemed Telecare. 2020;29(1):50\u20137.","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"issue":"3","key":"1797_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/ajr.12309","volume":"25","author":"TF van de Mortel","year":"2017","unstructured":"van de Mortel TF, Marr K, Burmeister E, Koppe H, Ahern C, Walsh R, et al. Reducing avoidable admissions in rural community palliative care: a pilot study of care coordination by General Practice registrars. Aust J Rural Health. 2017;25(3):141\u20137.","journal-title":"Aust J Rural Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1797_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28921-n\/a","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28921","volume":"68","author":"MS Weaver","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weaver MS, Shostrom VK, Neumann ML, Robinson JE, Hinds PS. Homestead together: Pediatric palliative care telehealth support for rural children with cancer during home-based end-of-life care. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021;68(4):e28921-n\/a.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer."},{"issue":"3","key":"1797_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216320981713","volume":"35","author":"LK Surakka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Surakka LK, Peake MM, Kiljunen MM, M\u00e4ntyselk\u00e4 P, Lehto JT. Preplanned participation of paramedics in end-of-life care at home: A retrospective cohort study. Palliat Med. 2021;35(3):584\u201391.","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"281","key":"1797_CR87","first-page":"114045-","volume":"2021","author":"M Swami","year":"1982","unstructured":"Swami M, Scott A. Impact of rural workforce incentives on access to GP services in underserved areas: Evidence from a natural experiment. Soc Sci Med. 1982;2021(281):114045-.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1370-1","volume":"16","author":"P Verma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verma P, Ford JA, Stuart A, Howe A, Everington S, Steel N. A systematic review of strategies to recruit and retain primary care doctors. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(1):126.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1797_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15636","volume":"79","author":"H Rose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rose H, Skaczkowski G, Gunn KM. Addressing the challenges of early career rural nursing to improve job satisfaction and retention: Strategies new nurses think would help. J Adv Nurs. 2023;79(9):3299\u2013311.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"1797_CR90","first-page":"263235242211288","volume":"16","author":"LA Donovan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Donovan LA, Slater PJ, Delaney AM, Baggio SJ, Herbert AR. Building capability in paediatric palliative care and enhancing education through the voice of parents: the Quality of Care Collaborative Australia. Palliat Care Soc Pract. 2022;16:263235242211288\u201326323524221128836.","journal-title":"Palliat Care Soc Pract"},{"key":"1797_CR91","unstructured":"CareSearch. PubMed Searches 2020 [22\/07\/2020]. Available from: https:\/\/www.caresearch.com.au\/caresearch\/tabid\/322\/Default.aspx."},{"key":"1797_CR92","unstructured":"Pallium Canada. Pallium Canada 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.pallium.ca\/."},{"issue":"9","key":"1797_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02432","volume":"38","author":"M Bakitas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakitas M, Allen Watts K, Malone E, Dionne-Odom JN, McCammon S, Taylor R, et al. Forging a New Frontier: Providing Palliative Care to People With Cancer in Rural and Remote Areas. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(9):963\u201373.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1797_CR94","unstructured":"Australian Government. Mobile Black Spot Program 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.infrastructure.gov.au\/media-communications-arts\/phone\/mobile-services-and-coverage\/mobile-black-spot-program."},{"issue":"2","key":"1797_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/22041451.2019.1601493","volume":"5","author":"S Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park S, Freeman J, Middleton C. Intersections between connectivity and digital inclusion in rural communities. Commun Res Pract. 2019;5(2):139\u201355.","journal-title":"Commun Res Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01919-0","volume":"23","author":"Z Gizaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gizaw Z, Astale T, Kassie GM. What improves access to primary healthcare services in rural communities? A systematic review. BMC Prim Care. 2022;23(1):313.","journal-title":"BMC Prim Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1797_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000370197","volume":"24","author":"F White","year":"2015","unstructured":"White F. Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems. Med Princ Pract. 2015;24(2):103\u201316.","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"1797_CR98","first-page":"117822421771944","volume":"10","author":"J Koski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koski J, Kelley ML, Nadin S, Crow M, Prince H, Wiersma EC, et al. An Analysis of Journey Mapping to Create a Palliative Care Pathway in a Canadian First Nations Community: Implications for Service Integration and Policy Development. Palliative Care. 2017;10:1178224217719441.","journal-title":"Palliative Care"},{"key":"1797_CR99","unstructured":"Palliative Care Australia. A Guide to Palliative Care Service Development: A population based approach. Deakin West; 2005.Available from https:\/\/palliativecare.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/A-guide-to-palliative-care-service-development-a-population-based-approach.pdf."},{"issue":"5","key":"1797_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50697","volume":"213","author":"J Ogden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogden J, Preston S, Partanen RL, Ostini R, Coxeter P. Recruiting and retaining general practitioners in rural practice: systematic review and meta-analysis of rural pipeline effects. Med J Aust. 2020;213(5):228\u201336.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"6","key":"1797_CR101","first-page":"793","volume":"38","author":"FL Stigler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stigler FL, Zipp CR, Jeitler K, Semlitsch T, Siebenhofer A. Comprehensive catalogue of international measures aimed at preventing general practitioner shortages. Fam Pract. 2021;38(6):793\u2013801.","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-016-0157-9","volume":"15","author":"S Hollingworth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hollingworth S, Zhang J, Vaikuntam BP, Jackson C, Mitchell G. Case conference primary-secondary care planning at end of life can reduce the cost of hospitalisations.(Report). BMC Palliat Care. 2016;15(1):84.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care."},{"issue":"4","key":"1797_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/09699260.2021.1905146","volume":"30","author":"G Mitchell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitchell G, Melaku M, Moss A, Chaille G, Makoni B, Lewis L, et al. Evaluation of a commissioned end-of-life care service in Australian aged care facilities. Progress Palliat Care. 2022;30(4):229\u201337.","journal-title":"Progress Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54-","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-024-00583-y","volume":"5","author":"SC Walker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Walker SC, Ahrens KR, Owens MD, Parnes M, Langley J, Ackerley C, et al. Using policy codesign to achieve multi-sector alignment in adolescent behavioral health: a study protocol. Implement Sci Commun. 2024;5(1):54-.","journal-title":"Implement Sci Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1797_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-023-01295-y","volume":"18","author":"SC Walker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walker SC, Baquero B, Bekemeier B, Parnes M, Arora K. Strategies for enacting health policy codesign: a scoping review and direction for research. Implement Sci. 2023;18(1):44.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1797_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibad034","volume":"13","author":"JF Chriqui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chriqui JF, Asada Y, Smith NR, Kroll-Desrosiers A, Lemon SC. Advancing the science of policy implementation: a call to action for the implementation science field. Transl Behav Med. 2023;13(11):820\u20135.","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"1797_CR107","unstructured":"Herx L, Pereira J, Clark R, Bhadresa D, Sanya N, Klinger C, Moat J. Canadian Atlas of Palliative Care: British Columbia Edition: Pallium Canada; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.pallium.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/British-Columbia-Atlas-of-Palliative-Care_03242025.pdf."},{"key":"1797_CR108","unstructured":"Alberta Health Services. Palliative and End of Life Care: Alberta Provincial Framework 2014 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.albertahealthservices.ca\/assets\/info\/seniors\/if-sen-provincial-palliative-end-of-life-care-framework.pdf."},{"key":"1797_CR109","unstructured":"Ministry of Health - Province of British Columbia. The Provincial End-of-Life Care Action Plan for British Columbia: Ministry of Health - Province of British Columbia; 2013. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.gov.bc.ca\/library\/publications\/year\/2013\/end-of-life-care-action-plan.pdf."},{"key":"1797_CR110","unstructured":"Yukon Health and Social Services. Yukon Palliative Care Framework 2015. Available from: https:\/\/yukon.ca\/en\/yukon-palliative-care-framework."}],"container-title":["BMC Palliative Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01797-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01797-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01797-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T15:44:12Z","timestamp":1760456652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpalliatcare.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01797-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01797-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-684X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-684X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Permission to reproduce Fig.\u00a0 sought and granted by the World Health Organization.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"253"}}