{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:19:26Z","timestamp":1772165966486,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019822","name":"Temasek Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Palliat Care"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-025-01936-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T10:34:08Z","timestamp":1763721248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lived caregiving experience of foreign domestic workers (FDWs) for non-cancer palliative patients in Singapore (a secondary qualitative data analysis)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jing Yi","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Liaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao Min","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong Choon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lip Hoe","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Foong Ling","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milawaty","family":"Nurjono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1936_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237796082211173","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608221117379","volume":"8","author":"W Wantonoro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wantonoro W, Suryaningsih EK, Anita DC, Nguyen TV. Palliative care: A concept analysis review. SAGE Open Nurs. 2022;8:23779608221117379.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs"},{"key":"1936_CR2","unstructured":"Palliative care. [https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/palliative-care]"},{"key":"1936_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"64","author":"JM Mart\u00edn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn JM, Olano-Lizarraga M, Sarac\u00edbar-Razquin M. The experience of family caregivers caring for a terminal patient at home: A research review. In. 2016;64:1\u201312.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR4","first-page":"305","volume":"22","author":"Q Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan Q, Zhang Y, Samari E, Jeyagurunathan A, Tan GTH, Devi F, Wang P, Magadi H, Goveas R, Ng LL, et al. The impact of having foreign domestic workers on informal caregivers of persons with dementia \u2013 findings from a multi-method research in Singapore. In. 2022;22:305.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR5","first-page":"142","volume":"21","author":"FM Bijnsdorp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bijnsdorp FM, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Boot CRL, van der Beek AJ, Pasman HRW. Caregiver\u2019s burden at the end of life of their loved one: insights from a longitudinal qualitative study among working family caregivers. In. 2022;21:142.","journal-title":"In"},{"issue":"1","key":"1936_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-684X-13-16","volume":"13","author":"MC De Korte-Verhoef","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Korte-Verhoef MC, Pasman HR, Schweitzer BP, Francke AL, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Deliens L. Burden for family carers at the end of life; a mixed-method study of the perspectives of family carers and gps. BMC Palliat Care. 2014;13(1):16.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"1936_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.03.022","volume":"43","author":"JM Reckrey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reckrey JM, Boerner K, Franzosa E, Bollens-Lund E, Ornstein KA. Paid caregivers in the Community-based dementia care team: do family caregivers benefit? Clin Ther. 2021;43(6):930\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"1936_CR8","unstructured":"Palliative care beyond cancer | Singapore Hospice Council. [https:\/\/singaporehospice.org.sg\/palliative-care-beyond-cancer\/]"},{"key":"1936_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng HY, Griva K, Lim HA, Tan JYS, Mahendran R. The burden of filial piety: A qualitative study on caregiving motivations amongst family caregivers of patients with cancer in Singapore. In., vol. 31: Routledge; 2016: 1293\u20131310.","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2016.1204450"},{"key":"1936_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"30","author":"W Tam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tam W, Koh G, Legido-Quigley H, Ha N, Yap P. I can\u2019t do this alone: a study on foreign domestic workers providing long-term care for frail seniors at home. In. 2017;30:1\u20139.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR11","unstructured":"Institute D-GH. Study Finds That Family Caregivers of Singapore Elderly Who Rely on Foreign Domestic Workers Fare Better. In."},{"key":"1936_CR12","first-page":"966","volume":"69","author":"AML Chong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chong AML, Kwan CW, Chi I, Lou VWQ, Leung AYM. Domestic helpers as moderators of spousal caregiver distress. In. 2014;69:966\u201372.","journal-title":"In"},{"issue":"4","key":"1936_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbt042","volume":"68","author":"T Ostbye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ostbye T, Malhotra R, Malhotra C, Arambepola C, Chan A. Does support from foreign domestic workers decrease the negative impact of informal caregiving? Results from Singapore survey on informal caregiving. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2013;68(4):609\u201321.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"1936_CR14","first-page":"169","volume":"13","author":"PH Chau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chau PH, Woo J, Kwok T, Chan F, Chan KC. Usage of community services and domestic helpers predicted institutionalization of elders having functional or cognitive impairments: A 12-Month longitudinal study in Hong Kong. In. 2012;13:169\u201375.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heng J, Fan E, Chan EY. Caregiving Experiences, coping strategies and needs of foreign domestic workers caring for older people. In, vol. 28; 2018.","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14619"},{"issue":"3","key":"1936_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e051877","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051877","volume":"12","author":"KW Ang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ang KW, Koh YLE, Wang XF, Yusoff AM, Tan AM, Poh XYC, Zhang N, Tan NC. Pilot cross-sectional study of foreign domestic workers supporting the basic healthcare needs of older persons in the community. BMJ Open. 2022;12(3):e051877.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1936_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"30","author":"N Ha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ha N, Chong M, Choo R, Tam W, Yap P. Caregiving burden in foreign domestic workers caring for frail older adults in Singapore. In. 2018;30:1\u20139.","journal-title":"In"},{"issue":"1","key":"1936_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1189-9","volume":"19","author":"S Abdi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdi S, Spann A, Borilovic J, de Witte L, Hawley M. Understanding the care and support needs of older people: a scoping review and categorisation using the WHO international classification of functioning, disability and health framework (ICF). BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):195.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1936_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12029","volume":"21","author":"X Bai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bai X, Kwok TC, Chan NY, Ho FK. Determinants of job satisfaction in foreign domestic helpers caring for people with dementia in Hong Kong. Health Soc Care Community. 2013;21(5):472\u20139.","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"1936_CR20","first-page":"36","volume":"24","author":"CY Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan CY, De Roza JG, Ding GTY, Koh HL, Lee ES. Psychosocial factors and caregiver burden among primary family caregivers of frail older adults with Multimorbidity. In. 2023;24:36.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR21","first-page":"105","volume":"8","author":"C Chua","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chua C, Wu JT, Wong Y, Qu L, Tan Y, Neo P, Pang G. Caregiving and its resulting effects\u2014The care study to evaluate the effects of caregiving on caregivers of patients with advanced cancer in Singapore. In. 2016;8:105.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR22","first-page":"330","volume":"8","author":"CA Onyeneho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Onyeneho CA, Ilesanmi RE. Burden of care and perceived Psycho-Social outcomes among family caregivers of patients living with cancer. In. 2021;8:330\u20136.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zubaidi ZSA, Ariffin F, Oun CTC, Katiman D. Caregiver burden among informal caregivers in the largest specialized palliative care unit in malaysia: a cross sectional study. In, 19; 2020.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-020-00691-1"},{"key":"1936_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"M Ushikubo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ushikubo M. Nurses\u2019 perceptions regarding End-of-life care for individuals with Non-cancer diseases on Non-invasive positive pressure Ventilation-dependent: A qualitative and descriptive study. In. 2023;29:1\u20136.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR25","first-page":"103978","volume":"120","author":"CJ Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans CJ, Bone AE, Yi D, Gao W, Morgan M, Taherzadeh S, Maddocks M, Wright J, Lindsay F, Bruni C, et al. Community-based short-term integrated palliative and supportive care reduces symptom distress for older people with chronic noncancer conditions compared with usual care: A randomised controlled single-blind mixed method trial. In. 2021;120:103978.","journal-title":"In"},{"issue":"4","key":"1936_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.11.009","volume":"48","author":"K Moens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moens K, Higginson IJ, Harding R, Euro I. Are there differences in the prevalence of palliative care-related problems in people living with advanced cancer and eight non-cancer conditions? A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;48(4):660\u201377.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"1936_CR27","first-page":"161","volume":"4","author":"RS Pop","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pop RS, Mosoiu DV, Puia A, Tint D. Comparison of the burden evolution of the family caregivers for patients with cancer and nononcological diseases who need palliative care: A prospective longitudinal study. Palliat Med Rep. 2023;4(1):161\u20138.","journal-title":"Palliat Med Rep"},{"key":"1936_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurjono M, Liaw K, Lee A, Vrijhoef HJM, Koh LH, Tan M, Ng FL, Oh HC. A study protocol of realist evaluation of palliative home care program for Non-Cancer patients in Singapore. Volume 22. Int J Integr Care; 2022.","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.6497"},{"key":"1936_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e9rain P, Zech E. Informal caregiver burnout? Development of a theoretical framework to understand the impact of caregiving. In, vol. 10; 2019.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01748"},{"key":"1936_CR30","unstructured":"Czuba K. Understanding Formal Caregivers and Work Stress An Interpretive Description Study."},{"key":"1936_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercurio-Riley D, Lee GK, Chronister J, Swigar EA. Psychosocial adjustment of spousal caregivers of patients with chronic pain: A model of risk and resistance factors. Volume 3. SAGE; 2013. p. 2158244013512130.","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244013512130"},{"key":"1936_CR32","first-page":"99","volume":"167","author":"J Dill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dill J, Erickson RJ, Diefendorff JM. Motivation in caring labor: implications for the well-being and employment outcomes of nurses. In. 2016;167:99\u2013106.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR33","first-page":"101","volume":"11","author":"K Sheldon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheldon K. The self-determination theory perspective on positive mental health across cultures. In. 2012;11:101\u20132.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR34","first-page":"43","volume":"34","author":"AM Pot","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pot AM, Deeg DJH, van Dyck R, Jonker C. Psychological distress of caregivers: the mediator effect of caregiving appraisal. In. 1998;34:43\u201351.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR35","first-page":"5457","volume":"17","author":"D Leung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leung D, Chan H, Chiu P, Lo R, Lee L. Source of social support and caregiving Self-Efficacy on caregiver burden and patient\u2019s quality of life: A path analysis on patients with palliative care needs and their caregivers. In. 2020;17:5457.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR36","first-page":"675","volume":"16","author":"I Contador","year":"2012","unstructured":"Contador I, Fern\u00e1ndez-Calvo B, Palenzuela D, Migu\u00e9is S, Campos F. Prediction of burden in family caregivers of patients with dementia: A perspective of optimism based on generalized expectancies of control. In. 2012;16:675\u201382.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117","volume":"13","author":"NK Gale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13:117.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1936_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2023.2259073","volume":"46","author":"S Klingberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klingberg S, Stalmeijer RE, Varpio L. Using framework analysis methods for qualitative research: AMEE guide 164. Med Teach. 2024;46(5):603\u201310.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"1936_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pristavec T. The Burden and Benefits of Caregiving: A Latent Class Analysis. In., vol. 59; 2019: 1078\u20131091.","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny022"},{"key":"1936_CR40","first-page":"102","volume":"18","author":"K Oechsle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oechsle K, Ullrich A, Marx G, Benze G, Heine J, Dickel L-M, Zhang Y, Wowretzko F, Wendt KN, Nauck F, et al. Psychological burden in family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer at initiation of specialist inpatient palliative care. In. 2019;18:102.","journal-title":"In"},{"key":"1936_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Low J, Bhar S, Chen W. Exploring the relationship between co-worker and supervisor support, self-confidence, coping skills and burnout in residential aged care staff. In, vol. 21; 2022.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-022-00901-6"},{"key":"1936_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross AJ, Garip G, Sheffield D. The psychosocial impact of caregiving in dementia and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative research. In., vol. 33: Routledge; 2018: 1321\u20131342.","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2018.1496250"},{"key":"1936_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goode WJ. A theory of role strain. In., vol. 25: American Sociological Assn; 1960: 483\u2013496.","DOI":"10.2307\/2092933"},{"key":"1936_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng S-T, Mak EPM, Lau RWL, Ng NSS, Lam LCW. Voices of Alzheimer Caregivers on Positive Aspects of Caregiving. In., vol. 56; 2016: 451\u2013460.","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnu118"},{"key":"1936_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho KHM, Chiang VCL, Leung D, Ku BHB. When Foreign Domestic Helpers Care for and About Older People in Their Homes: I Am a Maid or a Friend. In., vol. 5: SAGE Publications Inc; 2018: 2333393617753906.","DOI":"10.1177\/2333393617753906"},{"key":"1936_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.37275\/oaijmr.v4i3.591","volume":"4","author":"R Nompo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nompo R. The effectiveness of adaptive coping strategies for work stress: A Meta-Analysis. Open Access Indonesian J Med Reviews. 2024;4:634\u201344.","journal-title":"Open Access Indonesian J Med Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"1936_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.31652\/2786-6033-2024-3(1)-24-30","volume":"3","author":"T Chernata","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chernata T. Personal boundaries: Definition, Role, and impact on mental health. Personality Environ Issues. 2024;3(1):24\u201330.","journal-title":"Personality Environ Issues"},{"key":"1936_CR48","unstructured":"Settling-. in Programme (SIP) for first-time MDWs [https:\/\/www.mom.gov.sg\/passes-and-permits\/work-permit-for-foreign-domestic-worker\/eligibility-and-requirements\/settling-in-programme-sip]"},{"key":"1936_CR49","unstructured":"Caregivers Training Grant (CTG). [https:\/\/www.aic.sg\/financial-assistance\/caregivers-training-grant-ctg\/]"},{"issue":"2","key":"1936_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.86.2.320","volume":"86","author":"MM Tugade","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004;86(2):320\u201333.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"S1","key":"1936_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S157","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001164","volume":"14","author":"M Munroe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Munroe M, Al-Refae M, Chan HW, Ferrari M. Using self-compassion to grow in the face of trauma: the role of positive reframing and problem-focused coping strategies. Psychol Trauma. 2022;14(S1):S157\u201364.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"1936_CR52","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 2023 NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR PALLIATIVE CARE. In."},{"key":"1936_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kantachote K. Micromanagement of foreign domestic workers in Singapore: The influence of state regulations and laws. In., vol. 9; 2023: e17679.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17679"}],"container-title":["BMC Palliative Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01936-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01936-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01936-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T18:42:30Z","timestamp":1767033750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01936-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01936-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4088516\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-684X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-684X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board (CIRB) reviewed our study protocol (CIRB Ref: 2020\/3039) and determined that the application does not require further ethical deliberation because this is a programme evaluation project. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants prior to interviews. Study team members signed a confidentiality agreement to guarantee the privacy of all information. To maintain confidentiality of the research participants, analysis was conducted only on de-identified data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"307"}}