{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:13:37Z","timestamp":1792271617150,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Palliat Care"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-026-01984-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:35:08Z","timestamp":1768444508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sex-related differences in end-of-life decision-making in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0713-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia Isabelle Val\u00e9rie","family":"Neeser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5583-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Barbagallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6181-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Hertler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7058-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reto Andreas","family":"Sch\u00fcpbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6682-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Brandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e075049","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075049","volume":"13","author":"B Guan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guan B, Anderson DB, Chen L, Feng S, Zhou H. Global, regional and National burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. BMJ Open. 2023;13(10):e075049.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"23","key":"1984_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2955","volume":"30","author":"B Walder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walder B, Haller G, Rebetez MM, Delhumeau C, Bottequin E, Schoettker P, et al. Severe traumatic brain injury in a high-income country: an epidemiological study. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30(23):1934\u201342.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"1984_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/JTN.0b013e31823a453a","volume":"18","author":"B Long","year":"2011","unstructured":"Long B, Clark L, Cook P. Surrogate decision making for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Nurs. 2011;18(4):204\u201312.","journal-title":"J Trauma Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"1984_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1787775","volume":"44","author":"AL Gula","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gula AL, Walter JK, Morrison W, Kirschen MP. Exploring ethical dimensions in neuropalliative care. Semin Neurol. 2024;44(5):534\u201342.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1984_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.12.JNS172780","volume":"128","author":"PM Brennan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brennan PM, Murray GD, Teasdale GM. Simplifying the use of prognostic information in traumatic brain injury. Part 1: the GCS-Pupils score: an extended index of clinical severity. J Neurosurg. 2018;128(6):1612\u201320.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"1984_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050165","volume":"5","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani N, Perel P, Butcher I, Lu J, McHugh GS, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PLoS Med. 2008;5(8):e165. discussion e165.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"7641","key":"1984_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39461.643438.25","volume":"336","author":"P Perel","year":"2008","unstructured":"MRC CRASH Trial Collaborators, Perel P, Arango M, Clayton T, Edwards P, Komolafe E, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients. BMJ. 2008;336(7641):425\u20139.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"1984_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4330-7","volume":"42","author":"J Downar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Downar J, Delaney JW, Hawryluck L, Kenny L. Guidelines for the withdrawal of life-sustaining measures. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(6):1003\u201317.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1984_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07579-1","volume":"50","author":"J Kesecioglu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kesecioglu J, Rusinova K, Alampi D, Arabi YM, Benbenishty J, Benoit D, et al. European society of intensive care medicine guidelines on end of life and palliative care in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2024;50(11):1740\u201366.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.10.002","volume":"120","author":"D Harvey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harvey D, Butler J, Groves J, Manara A, Menon D, Thomas E, et al. Management of perceived devastating brain injury after hospital admission: a consensus statement from stakeholder professional organizations. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(1):138\u201345.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-015-0137-6","volume":"23","author":"MJ Souter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Souter MJ, Blissitt PA, Blosser S, Bonomo J, Greer D, Jichici D, et al. Recommendations for the critical care management of devastating brain injury: Prognostication, Psychosocial, and ethical management : A position statement for healthcare professionals from the neurocritical care society. Neurocrit Care. 2015;23(1):4\u201313.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-022-01505-3","volume":"37","author":"S Mainali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mainali S, Aiyagari V, Alexander S, Bodien Y, Boerwinkle V, Boly M, et al. Proceedings of the second curing coma campaign NIH symposium: challenging the future of research for coma and disorders of consciousness. Neurocrit Care. 2022;37(1):326\u201350.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"1984_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2012.754402","volume":"27","author":"NA Moore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moore NA, Brennan PM, Baillie JK. Wide variation and systematic bias in expert clinicians\u2019 perceptions of prognosis following brain injury. Br J Neurosurg. 2013;27(3):340\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"1984_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3742","volume":"38","author":"B Bonds","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonds B, Dhanda A, Wade C, Diaz C, Massetti J, Stein DM. Prognostication of mortality and Long-Term functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury: can we do better? J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(8):1168\u201376.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"7905","key":"1984_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92830-5","volume":"1","author":"B Jennett","year":"1975","unstructured":"Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet. 1975;1(7905):480\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"1984_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.573","volume":"15","author":"JT Wilson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wilson JT, Pettigrew LE, Teasdale GM. Structured interviews for the Glasgow outcome scale and the extended Glasgow outcome scale: guidelines for their use. J Neurotrauma. 1998;15(8):573\u201385.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"9","key":"1984_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001131","volume":"43","author":"JA Frontera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frontera JA, Curtis JR, Nelson JE, Campbell M, Gabriel M, Mosenthal AC, et al. Integrating palliative care into the care of neurocritically ill patients: A report from the improving palliative care in the ICU project advisory board and the center to advance palliative care. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(9):1964\u201377.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1984_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07260-z","volume":"49","author":"M Neukirchen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neukirchen M, Metaxa V, Schaefer MS. Palliative care in intensive care. Intensive Care Med. 2023;49(12):1538\u201340.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1984_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2018.0282","volume":"22","author":"S Bluck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bluck S, Mroz EL, Baron-Lee J. Providers\u2019 perspectives on palliative care in a Neuromedicine-Intensive care unit: End-of-Life expertise and barriers to referral. J Palliat Med. 2019;22(4):364\u20139.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1984_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2021.08.007","volume":"223","author":"BM Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams BM, Schneider A, Gallaher J, Charles A. Racial and ethnic disparities in withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment after non-head injury trauma. Am J Surg. 2022;223(5):998\u20131003.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"1984_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2421711","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.21711","volume":"7","author":"G Hoit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hoit G, Wijeysundera DN, Hamad DM, Nauth A, Atrey A, Halai M, et al. Insurance type and withdrawal of Life-Sustaining therapy in critically injured trauma patients. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(7):e2421711.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.11.007","volume":"120","author":"B Rohaut","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rohaut B, Claassen J. Decision making in perceived devastating brain injury: a call to explore the impact of cognitive biases. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(1):5\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1138","key":"1984_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2019-137452","volume":"96","author":"D Lippi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lippi D, Bianucci R, Donell S. Gender medicine: its historical roots. Postgrad Med J. 2020;96(1138):480\u20136.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"1984_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s41016-019-0173-8","volume":"5","author":"C Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma C, Wu X, Shen X, Yang Y, Chen Z, Sun X, et al. Sex differences in traumatic brain injury: a multi-dimensional exploration in genes, hormones, cells, individuals, and society. Chin Neurosurg J. 2019;5:24.","journal-title":"Chin Neurosurg J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/08258597221120707","volume":"38","author":"AD Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong AD, Phillips SP. Gender disparities in end of life care: A scoping review. J Palliat Care. 2023;38(1):78\u201396.","journal-title":"J Palliat Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1984_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.4.0539","volume":"93","author":"E Farace","year":"2000","unstructured":"Farace E, Alves WM. Do women fare worse? A metaanalysis of gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcome. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(4):539\u201345.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1984_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.04.014","volume":"3","author":"T Mollayeva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mollayeva T. Synthesizing sex and gender inequities in traumatic brain injury to catalyze inclusive policy and health services initiatives. Med. 2022;3(5):289\u201393.","journal-title":"Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1984_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06393-3","volume":"47","author":"A Todorov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Todorov A, Kaufmann F, Arslani K, Haider A, Bengs S, Goliasch G, et al. Gender differences in the provision of intensive care: a bayesian approach. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(5):577\u201387.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1984_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002814","volume":"44","author":"K Nakagawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakagawa K, Vento MA, Seto TB, Koenig MA, Asai SM, Chang CW, et al. Sex differences in the use of early do-not-resuscitate orders after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013;44(11):3229\u201331.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"1984_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/0825859720907419","volume":"35","author":"EM Ortiz-Dowling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ortiz-Dowling EM, Crist JD, Shea K, Phillips LR. Gender differences in End-of-Life care in older Mexican American adults. J Palliat Care. 2020;35(4):256\u201366.","journal-title":"J Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151251360617","volume":"6","author":"S Unseld","year":"2025","unstructured":"Unseld S, Herzog AN, Stretti F, Krones T, Hertler C, Brandi G, et al. Redirection of care after traumatic brain injury in intensive care: sex and social determinants of health. Neurotrauma Rep. 2025;6(1):569\u201377.","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep"},{"key":"1984_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263235242095799","DOI":"10.1177\/2632352420957997","volume":"14","author":"M Gott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gott M, Morgan T, Williams L. Gender and palliative care: a call to arms. Palliat Care Soc Pract. 2020;14:2632352420957997.","journal-title":"Palliat Care Soc Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2018.03.014","volume":"56","author":"F Saeed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saeed F, Hoerger M, Norton SA, Guancial E, Epstein RM, Duberstein PR. Preference for palliative care in cancer patients: are men and women alike? J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018;56(1):1\u2013e61.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"5","key":"1984_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00100.x","volume":"15","author":"EH Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen EH, Shofer FS, Dean AJ, Hollander JE, Baxt WG, Robey JL, et al. Gender disparity in analgesic treatment of emergency department patients with acute abdominal pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(5):414\u20138.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1984_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/074811801461919","volume":"25","author":"J Bookwala","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bookwala J, Coppola KM, Fagerlin A, Ditto PH, Danks JH, Smucker WD. Gender differences in older adults\u2019 preferences for life-sustaining medical treatments and end-of-life values. Death Stud. 2001;25(2):127\u201349.","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"1984_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3137","volume":"14","author":"K McPherson","year":"2019","unstructured":"McPherson K, Carlos WG 3rd, Emmett TW, Slaven JE, Torke AM. Limitation of Life-Sustaining care in the critically ill: A systematic review of the literature. J Hosp Med. 2019;14(5):303\u201310.","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-023-00714-y","volume":"12","author":"SY B\u00f6gli","year":"2024","unstructured":"B\u00f6gli SY, Stretti F, Utebay D, Hitz L, Hertler C, Brandi G. Limitation of life sustaining measures in neurocritical care: sex, timing, and advance directive. J Intensive Care. 2024;12(1):3.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"S1","key":"1984_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03145.x","volume":"48","author":"NS Wenger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wenger NS, Lynn J, Oye RK, Liu H, Teno JM, Phillips RS, et al. Withholding versus withdrawing life-sustaining treatment: patient factors and Documentation associated with Dialysis decisions. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(S1):S75\u201383.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"1984_CR39","unstructured":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Statistik. Altersaufbau der Bev\u00f6lkerung, am 31.12.2023 nach Geschlecht und Zivilstand. 2024. https:\/\/www.bfs.admin.ch\/bfs\/de\/home\/statistiken\/bevoelkerung\/stand-entwicklung\/zivilstand.assetdetail.32229829.html. Accessed 16.06.2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200401000-00006","volume":"327","author":"HS Perkins","year":"2004","unstructured":"Perkins HS, Cortez JD, Hazuda HP. Advance care planning: does patient gender make a difference? Am J Med Sci. 2004;327(1):25\u201332.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"1984_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1984_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"1984_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-001-1111-7","volume":"27","author":"A Esteban","year":"2001","unstructured":"Esteban A, Gordo F, Solsona JF, Alia I, Caballero J, Bouza C, et al. Withdrawing and withholding life support in the intensive care unit: a Spanish prospective multi-centre observational study. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(11):1744\u20139.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1984_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50426","volume":"212","author":"Z Wainer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sex and Gender Sensitive Research Call to Action Group, Wainer Z, Carcel C. Sex and gender in health research: updating policy to reflect evidence. Med J Aust. 2020;212(2):57\u2013e621.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1984_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A12","DOI":"10.7326\/ACPJC-1995-123-3-A12","volume":"123","author":"WS Richardson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Nishikawa J, Hayward RS. The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club. 1995;123(3):A12\u20133.","journal-title":"ACP J Club"},{"key":"1984_CR47","unstructured":"Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York. Systematic reviews: CRD\u2019s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. York: University of York. 2009. https:\/\/www.york.ac.uk\/media\/crd\/Systematic_Reviews.pdf. Accessed 02 Sept 2025."},{"key":"1984_CR48","unstructured":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Wells GA, Shea B, O\u2019Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. https:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp. Accessed 20 Aug 2025."},{"key":"1984_CR49","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (updated August 2024): Cochrane; 2024. https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"issue":"2","key":"1984_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.193","volume":"11","author":"TB Huedo-Medina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huedo-Medina TB, Sanchez-Meca J, Marin-Martinez F, Botella J. Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index? Psychol Methods. 2006;11(2):193\u2013206.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"1984_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1678","volume":"15","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borenstein M. Avoiding common mistakes in meta-analysis: Understanding the distinct roles of Q, I-squared, tau-squared, and the prediction interval in reporting heterogeneity. Res Synth Methods. 2024;15(2):354\u201368.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"1984_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1244","volume":"8","author":"D Jackson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson D, Veroniki AA, Law M, Tricco AC, Baker R. Paule-Mandel estimators for network meta-analysis with random inconsistency effects. Res Synth Methods. 2017;8(4):416\u201334.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"1984_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","volume":"22","author":"S Balduzzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balduzzi S, Rucker G, Schwarzer G. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019;22(4):153\u201360.","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1984_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Soft. 2010;36(3):1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"key":"1984_CR55","volume-title":"_R: A Language and environment for statistical Computing_","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025","unstructured":"R Core Team. _R: A Language and environment for statistical Computing_. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2025. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.93102","volume":"5","author":"S Mohseni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mohseni S, Talving P, Lam L, Chan LS, Ives C, Demetriades D. Venous thromboembolic events in isolated severe traumatic brain injury. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2012;5(1):11\u20135.","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"issue":"3","key":"1984_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9925-z","volume":"19","author":"S Izzy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Izzy S, Compton R, Carandang R, Hall W, Muehlschlegel S. Self-fulfilling prophecies through withdrawal of care: do they exist in traumatic brain injury. too? Neurocrit Care. 2013;19(3):347\u201363.","journal-title":"too? Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"1984_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.1790","volume":"155","author":"T Williamson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williamson T, Ryser MD, Ubel PA, Abdelgadir J, Spears CA, Liu B, et al. Withdrawal of Life-supporting treatment in severe traumatic brain injury. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(8):723\u201331.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/000313482008600106","volume":"86","author":"S Gambhir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gambhir S, Grigorian A, Ramakrishnan D, Kuza CM, Sheehan B, Maithel S, et al. Risk factors for withdrawal of Life-Sustaining treatment in severe traumatic brain injury. Am Surg. 2020;86(1):8\u201314.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"1984_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wnsx.2022.100144","volume":"17","author":"S Tanizaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanizaki S, Toma Y, Miyashita K, Maeda S. The characteristics of withdrawal or withholding of Life-Sustaining treatment in severe traumatic brain injury: A single Japanese institutional study. World Neurosurg X. 2023;17:100144.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg X"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"1984_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0390","volume":"42","author":"JF Payen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Payen JF, Vilotitch A, Gauss T, Adolle A, Bosson JL, Bouzat P, et al. Sex differences in neurological outcome at 6 and 12 months following severe traumatic brain Injury. An observational analysis of the OXY-TC trial. J Neurotrauma. 2025;42(11\u201312):974\u201384.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1984_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.09.002","volume":"246","author":"F Hwang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hwang F, Pentakota SR, Glass NE, Berlin A, Livingston DH, Mosenthal AC. Older patients with severe traumatic brain injury: National variability in palliative care. J Surg Res. 2020;246:224\u201330.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1984_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01366-2","volume":"36","author":"TL Williamson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williamson TL, Adil SM, Shalita C, Charalambous LT, Mitchell T, Yang Z, et al. Palliative care consultations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: who receives palliative care consultations and what does that mean for utilization? Neurocrit Care. 2022;36(3):781\u201390.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1984_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.12.013","volume":"108","author":"A Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu A, Zhou J, Quinlan N, Dirlikov B, Singh H. Early palliative care consultation offsets hospitalization duration and costs for elderly patients with traumatic brain injuries: insights from a level 1 trauma center. J Clin Neurosci. 2023;108:1\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1984_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-024-02172-2","volume":"42","author":"CA Aude","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aude CA, Vattipally VN, Das O, Ran KR, Giwa GA, Rincon-Torroella J, et al. Machine learning reveals demographic disparities in palliative care timing among patients with traumatic brain injury receiving neurosurgical consultation. Neurocrit Care. 2025;42(3):953\u201364.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"1984_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-024-02172-2","volume":"42","author":"CA Aude","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aude CA, Vattipally VN, Das O, Ran KR, Giwa GA, Rincon-Torroella J, et al. Machine learning reveals demographic disparities in palliative care timing among patients with traumatic brain injury receiving neurosurgical Consultation. [Supplementary table 1]. Neurocrit Care. 2025;42(3):953\u201364.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1984_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05262-5","volume":"29","author":"SA Amacher","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amacher SA, Zimmermann T, Gebert P, Grzonka P, Berger S, Lohri M, et al. Sex disparities in ICU care and outcomes after cardiac arrest: a Swiss nationwide analysis. Crit Care. 2025;29(1):42.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"16","key":"1984_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29417","volume":"121","author":"RK Sharma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharma RK, Prigerson HG, Penedo FJ, Maciejewski PK. Male-female patient differences in the association between end-of-life discussions and receipt of intensive care near death. Cancer. 2015;121(16):2814\u201320.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1984_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-015-0094-2","volume":"23","author":"K Salottolo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salottolo K, Offner PJ, Orlando A, Slone DS, Mains CW, Carrick M, et al. The epidemiology of do-not-resuscitate orders in patients with trauma: a community level one trauma center observational experience. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2015;23:9.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1984_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbv083","volume":"71","author":"CA Mendez-Luck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mendez-Luck CA, Anthony KP. Marianismo and caregiving role beliefs among U.S.-Born and immigrant Mexican women. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2016;71(5):926\u201335.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1984_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.19226","volume":"72","author":"PN Ambade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ambade PN, Hoffman ZT, Mehra K, MacKinnon NJ. Predictors of advance care planning in 11 high-income nations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2024;72(12):3855\u201364.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"1984_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263235242412872","DOI":"10.1177\/26323524241287221","volume":"18","author":"KR Baughman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baughman KR, Ludwick R, Audi A, Harlan L. Gender and couple status differences in advance care planning: a cross-sectional study. Palliat Care Soc Pract. 2024;18:26323524241287221.","journal-title":"Palliat Care Soc Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"1984_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1973-0","volume":"126","author":"T Walbert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walbert T, Glantz M, Schultz L, Puduvalli VK. Impact of provider level, training and gender on the utilization of palliative care and hospice in neuro-oncology: a North-American survey. J Neurooncol. 2016;126(2):337\u201345.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1984_CR74","first-page":"809","volume":"23","author":"JG Cagle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cagle JG, Pek J, Clifford M, Guralnik J, Zimmerman S. Correlates of a good death and the impact of hospice involvement: findings from the National survey of households affected by cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23(3):809\u201318.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"13","key":"1984_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.7824","volume":"33","author":"JN Dionne-Odom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dionne-Odom JN, Azuero A, Lyons KD, Hull JG, Tosteson T, Li Z, et al. Benefits of early versus delayed palliative care to informal family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer: outcomes from the ENABLE III randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(13):1446\u201352.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1984_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200109000-00023","volume":"29","author":"MN Diringer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Diringer MN, Edwards DF, Aiyagari V, Hollingsworth H. Factors associated with withdrawal of mechanical ventilation in a neurology\/neurosurgery intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(9):1792\u20137.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"1984_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.101786","volume":"183","author":"AF Turgeon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turgeon AF, Lauzier F, Simard JF, Scales DC, Burns KE, Moore L, et al. Mortality associated with withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a Canadian multicentre cohort study. CMAJ. 2011;183(14):1581\u20138.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"1984_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2020.409","volume":"50","author":"K Talari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Talari K, Goyal M. Retrospective studies - utility and caveats. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2020;50(4):398\u2013402.","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians Edinb"},{"key":"1984_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vattipally VN, Ran KR, Das O, Aude CA, Giwa GA, Rincon-Torroella J et al. Latent variable analysis of demographic and clinical drivers of care intensity before palliative care consultation among older adult patients with traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2025;43(1):195-203.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-024-02203-y"},{"issue":"5","key":"1984_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2018.0428","volume":"22","author":"BE Tabibian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tabibian BE, Salehani AA, Kuhn EN, Davis MC, Shank CD. Fisher WS 3rd. Transitioning the treatment paradigm: how early palliative care service involvement affects the End-of-Life course for critically ill patients in the Neuro-Intensive care unit. J Palliat Med. 2019;22(5):489\u201392.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"key":"1984_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4594","DOI":"10.57187\/s.4594","volume":"155","author":"B G\u00f6cking","year":"2025","unstructured":"G\u00f6cking B, Brandi G, Westermair AL, Biller-Andorno N. Sex and gender in intensive care research: practical limitations and methodological challenges. Swiss Med Wkly. 2025;155:4594.","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"}],"container-title":["BMC Palliative Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12904-026-01984-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12904-026-01984-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12904-026-01984-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T01:09:44Z","timestamp":1770772184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12904-026-01984-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-026-01984-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-684X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-684X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"38"}}