{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:12:19Z","timestamp":1791839539347,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["71871147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71871147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024YFFK0128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFFK0128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Palliat Care"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-026-02059-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T12:45:58Z","timestamp":1774961158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ethical considerations of AI integration in palliative care: a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8009-1923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengying","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-6575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9192-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3294-954X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2059_CR1","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence: a modern approach","author":"SJ Russell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Russell SJ, Norvig P. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. 4th ed. Hoboken: Pearson; 2021.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"12","key":"2059_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2019-105860","volume":"47","author":"M Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun M, Hummel P, Beck S, Dabrock P. Primer on an ethics of AI-based decision support systems in the clinic. J Med Ethics. 2021;47(12):e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2019-105860.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"2059_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.104153","volume":"127","author":"H von Gerich","year":"2022","unstructured":"von Gerich H, Moen H, Block LJ, Chu CH, DeForest H, Hobensack M, et al. Artificial intelligence-based technologies in nursing: a scoping literature review of the evidence. Int J Nurs Stud. 2022;127:104153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.104153.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"2059_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.201","volume":"13","author":"D Hui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hui D, Bruera E. Integrating palliative care into the trajectory of cancer care. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016;13(3):159\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.201.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2059_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2015.0367","volume":"19","author":"AE Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer AE, Goebel JR, Kim YS, Dy SM, Ahluwalia SC, Clifford M, et al. Populations and interventions for palliative and end-of-life care: a systematic review. J Palliat Med. 2016;19(9):995\u20131008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2015.0367.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"key":"2059_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237796082211173","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608221117379","volume":"8","author":"W Wantonoro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wantonoro W, Suryaningsih EK, Anita DC, Nguyen TV. Palliative care: a concept analysis review. Sage Open Nurs. 2022;8:23779608221117379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23779608221117379.","journal-title":"Sage Open Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"2059_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2021-002948","volume":"13","author":"L De Panfilis","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Panfilis L, Peruselli C, Tanzi S, Botrugno C. AI-based clinical decision-making systems in palliative medicine: ethical challenges. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2023;13(2):183\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjspcare-2021-002948.","journal-title":"BMJ Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-024-01018-y","volume":"25","author":"PJ Borges","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borges PJ, Hern\u00e1ndez-Marrero P, Martins Pereira S. A bioethical perspective on the meanings behind a wish to hasten death: a meta-ethnographic review. BMC Med Ethics. 2024;25(1):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-024-01018-y.","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02530-7","volume":"23","author":"AM Ibrahim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ibrahim AM, Zaghamir DEF, Ramadan Abdel-Aziz H, Elalem OM, Al-yafeai TM, Sultan HMS, et al. Ethical issues in palliative care: nursing and quality of life. BMC Nurs. 2024;23(1):854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02530-7.","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"2059_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263235242412938","DOI":"10.1177\/26323524241293820","volume":"18","author":"KA Smith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smith KA, Stajduhar K. Using relational ethics to approach equity in palliative care. Palliat Care Soc Pract. 2024;18:26323524241293820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26323524241293820.","journal-title":"Palliat Care Soc Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1177\/09697330241296874","volume":"32","author":"O Oh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oh O, Demiris G, Ulrich CM The ethical dimensions of utilizing Artificial Intelligence in palliative care. Nurs Ethics. 2025;32(4):1285\u201396. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09697330241296874.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1177\/09697330211072361","volume":"29","author":"S Morberg J\u00e4mterud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morberg J\u00e4mterud S Acknowledging vulnerability in ethics of palliative care \u2013 a feminist ethics approach. Nurs Ethics. 2022;29(4):952\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09697330211072361.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-025-01784-5","volume":"24","author":"S Bertaud","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bertaud S, Wilkinson D, Kelley M. The heart of palliative care is relational: a scoping review of the ethics of care in palliative medicine. BMC Palliat Care. 2025;24(1):150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01784-5.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-020-00495-1","volume":"21","author":"C G\u00f3mez-V\u00edrseda","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-V\u00edrseda C, De Maeseneer Y, Gastmans C. Relational autonomy in end-of-life care ethics: a contextualized approach to real-life complexities. BMC Med Ethics. 2020;21(1):50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-020-00495-1.","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2059_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216320974277","volume":"35","author":"G Schofield","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schofield G, Dittborn M, Huxtable R, Brangan E, Selman LE. Real-world ethics in palliative care: A systematic review of the ethical challenges reported by specialist palliative care practitioners in their clinical practice. Palliat Med. 2021;35(2):315\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269216320974277.","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3537964","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3537964","volume":"2024","author":"A Gonzalez-Garcia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Garcia A, P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez S, Benavides C, Pinto-Carral A, Quiroga-S\u00e1nchez E, Marqu\u00e9s-S\u00e1nchez P. Impact of artificial intelligence\u2013based technology on nurse management: a systematic review. J Nurs Manage. 2024;2024(1):3537964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/3537964.","journal-title":"J Nurs Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733019840752","volume":"27","author":"AG Peirce","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peirce AG, Elie S, George A, Gold M, O\u2019Hara K, Rose-Facey W. Knowledge development, technology and questions of nursing ethics. Nurs Ethics. 2020;27(1):77\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0969733019840752.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"key":"2059_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73517","DOI":"10.2196\/73517","volume":"14","author":"A Garc\u00eda Abejas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Abejas A, Geraldes Santos D, Leite Costa F, Cordero Botejara A, Mota-Filipe H. Salvador Verg\u00e9s \u00c0. Ethical challenges and opportunities of AI in end-of-life palliative care: integrative review. Interact J Med Res. 2025;14:e73517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/73517.","journal-title":"Interact J Med Res"},{"key":"2059_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545869","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1545869","volume":"8","author":"DM Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li DM, Parikh S, Costa A. A critical look into artificial intelligence and healthcare disparities. Front Artif Intell. 2025;8:1545869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1545869.","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"issue":"6","key":"2059_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01056-8","volume":"7","author":"RJ Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen RJ, Wang JJ, Williamson DFK, Chen TY, Lipkova J, Lu MY, et al Algorithmic fairness in artificial intelligence for medicine and healthcare. Nat Biomed Eng. 2023;7(6):719\u201342. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41551-023-01056-8.","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"2059_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010435","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-010435","volume":"8","author":"F Federspiel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Federspiel F, Mitchell R, Asokan A, Umana C, McCoy D. Threats by artificial intelligence to human health and human existence. BMJ Glob Health. 2023;8(5):e010435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-010435.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02103-9","volume":"23","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhang Z. Ethics and governance of trustworthy medical artificial intelligence. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2023;23(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02103-9.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"key":"2059_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.117727","volume":"367","author":"M Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng M, Luo Q, Fang C, Comery A, Troyer J. Exploring good death in China: a qualitative study from the perspectives of family members. Soc Sci Med. 2025;367:117727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.117727.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-025-01261-x","volume":"26","author":"YA Shih","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shih YA, Wang C, Ding J, Zhou Y, Lu Q Cultural and ethical barriers to implementing end-of-life advance care planning among oncology nursing professionals: a content analysis of open-ended questions. BMC Med Ethics. 2025;26(1):96. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-025-01261-x.","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-8428(03)00004-0","volume":"46","author":"JE Cimino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cimino JE. A clinician\u2019s understanding of ethics in palliative care: an American perspective. Cri Rev Oncol Hemato. 2003;46(1):17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1040-8428(03)00004-0.","journal-title":"Cri Rev Oncol Hemato"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-023-00943-8","volume":"24","author":"M Friedrichsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Friedrichsen M, Lythell C, Waldr\u00e9us N, Jaarsma T, \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m H, Milovanovic M, et al. Ethical challenges around thirst in end-of-life care experiences of palliative care physicians. BMC Med Ethics. 2023;24(1):61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-023-00943-8.","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-022-00750-7","volume":"23","author":"J Hahne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hahne J, Wang X, Liu R, Zhong Y, Chen X, Liu X, Khoshnood K, Li X. Chinese physicians\u2019 perceptions of palliative care integration for advanced cancer patients: a qualitative analysis at a tertiary hospital in Changsha, China. BMC Med Ethics. 2022;23(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-022-00750-7.","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"key":"2059_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928476","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.928476","volume":"10","author":"F Zahedi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zahedi F, Kadivar M, Khanali Mojen L, Asadabadi M, Tajalli S, Ilkhani M, Barasteh S, Elahikhah M, Larijani B. The ethical challenges of palliative care from the perspectives of pediatricians: a qualitative study in Iran. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:928476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.928476.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2059_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-015-0003-2","volume":"16","author":"U Guevara-L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guevara-L\u00f3pez U, Altamirano-Bustamante MM, Viesca-Trevi\u00f1o C. New frontiers in the future of palliative care: real-world bioethical dilemmas and axiology of clinical practice. BMC Med Ethics. 2015;16:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-015-0003-2.","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"key":"2059_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geng S, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Wu Y. Ethical dilemmas for palliative care nurses: systematic review. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/spcare-2023-004742.","DOI":"10.1136\/spcare-2023-004742"},{"issue":"6","key":"2059_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733018772070","volume":"26","author":"G Jacobs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacobs G. Patient autonomy in home care: nurses\u2019 relational practices of responsibility. Nurs Ethics. 2019;26(6):1638\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0969733018772070.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2059_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0307188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307188","volume":"19","author":"S Moran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moran S, Bailey ME, Doody O. Role and contribution of the nurse in caring for patients with palliative care needs: a scoping review. Luckett T, editor. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(8):e0307188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307188.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2059_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13912","volume":"27","author":"RJT Sekse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sekse RJT, Hunsk\u00e5r I, Ellingsen S. The nurse\u2019s role in palliative care: a qualitative meta-synthesis. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27:e21\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.13912.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"9","key":"2059_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.0525","volume":"156","author":"LA Dossett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dossett LA, Kaji AH, Cochran A. SRQR and COREQ reporting guidelines for qualitative studies. JAMA Surg. 2021;156(9):875-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.0525.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2059_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2","volume-title":"Thematic analysis: a practical guide","author":"V Braun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis: a practical guide. Los Angeles: Sage; 2022."},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.12.483","volume":"55","author":"RA Hadler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hadler RA, Rosa WE. Distributive justice: an ethical priority in global palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018;55(4):1237\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.12.483.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-019-0396-7","volume":"18","author":"KI Stajduhar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stajduhar KI, Mollison A, Giesbrecht M, McNeil R, Pauly B, Reimer-Kirkham S, et al. Just too busy living in the moment and surviving: barriers to accessing health care for structurally vulnerable populations at end-of-life. BMC Palliat Care. 2019;18(1):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-019-0396-7.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"2059_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-025-09270-7","volume":"33","author":"Y Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang Y, Liang X, Liu Q, et al. Navigating limited resources: experiences of caregivers for elderly terminal cancer patients in a region with limited palliative care services. Support Care Cancer. 2025;33:207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-025-09270-7.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-025-01702-9","volume":"24","author":"D Narayanan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Narayanan D, Chandrasekaran AS, S EAR, Vyas N. Gender disparities in end-of-life care: a scoping review of patient, caregiver and care provider perspectives in low-and middle-income countries. BMC Palliat Care. 2025;24(1):62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01702-9.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"2059_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909120985419","volume":"38","author":"KE Nelson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nelson KE, Wright R, Peeler A, Brockie T, Davidson PM. Sociodemographic disparities in access to hospice and palliative care: an integrative review. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2021;38(11):1378\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049909120985419.","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-024-02321-1","volume":"23","author":"G S\u00edtima","year":"2024","unstructured":"S\u00edtima G, Galhardo-Branco C, Reis-Pina P. Equity of access to palliative care: a scoping review. Int J Equity Health. 2024;23(1):248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-024-02321-1.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493139","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2025.2493139","volume":"13","author":"MJ Western","year":"2025","unstructured":"Western MJ, Smit ES, G\u00fcltzow T, Neter E, Sniehotta FF, Malkowski OS, et al. Bridging the digital health divide: a narrative review of the causes, implications, and solutions for digital health inequalities. Health Psychol Behav Med. 2025;13(1):2493139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21642850.2025.2493139.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Behav Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-11150-5","volume":"24","author":"S May","year":"2024","unstructured":"May S, Gehlhaar A, Stahlhut K, Kamp MA, Heinze M, Allsop M, et al. Let\u2019s put it this way: you can\u2019t really live without it - digital technologies in routine palliative care delivery: an explorative qualitative study with patients and their family caregivers in Germany. BMC Health Serv Res. 2024;24(1):702. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-024-11150-5.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-024-01626-w","volume":"23","author":"Y Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan Y, Liang X, Ming W, Xing H, Wang Y, Gao Y. A scoping review of digital technology applications in palliative care. BMC Palliat Care. 2024;23(1):290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-024-01626-w.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"2059_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3390\/children12081033","volume":"12","author":"F Benedetti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Benedetti F, Giacomelli L, Papa S, Verzeletti V, Agosto C. Cultural, religious, and spiritual influences on communication in pediatric palliative care: a narrative review focused on children with severe neurological conditions. Children. 2025;12(8):1033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12081033.","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"2059_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161267","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1161267","volume":"11","author":"R Leonard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leonard R, Paton J, Hinton P, Greenaway S, Thomson J. The end-of-life needs of aboriginal and immigrant communities: a challenge to conventional medical models. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1161267. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1161267.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/107327480100800107","volume":"8","author":"JMN Olarte","year":"2001","unstructured":"Olarte JMN, Guill\u00e9n DG. Cultural issues and ethical dilemmas in palliative and end-of-life care in Spain. Cancer Control. 2001;8(1):46\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107327480100800107.","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-025-01733-2","volume":"24","author":"S Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao S, Birchley G, Huxtable R. Translation of bioethics across cultural borders: exploring the adoption of the four-principles approach in palliative care provision on the Chinese mainland. BMC Palliat Care. 2025;24(1):100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01733-2.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"2059_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2022.104738","volume":"161","author":"A \u010cartolovni","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u010cartolovni A, Tomi\u010di\u0107 A, Lazi\u0107 Mosler E. Ethical, legal, and social considerations of AI-based medical decision-support tools: a scoping review. Int J Med Infor. 2022;161:104738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2022.104738.","journal-title":"Int J Med Infor"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-024-01066-4","volume":"25","author":"K Witkowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Witkowski K, Dougherty RB, Neely SR. Public perceptions of artificial intelligence in healthcare: ethical concerns and opportunities for patient-centered care. BMC Med Ethics. 2024;25(1):74. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-024-01066-4.","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2059_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163241277380","volume":"38","author":"S Bishaw","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bishaw S, Coyne E, Halkett GK, Bloomer MJ. Fostering nurse-patient relationships in palliative care: an integrative review with narrative synthesis. Palliat Med. 2024;38(10):1105\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02692163241277380.","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2059_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03230.x","volume":"48","author":"E Mok","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mok E, Chiu PC. Nurse\u2013patient relationships in palliative care. J Adv Nurs. 2004;48(5):475\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03230.x.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"23\u201324","key":"2059_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15528","volume":"29","author":"A Skorpen Tarberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skorpen Tarberg A, Landstad BJ, Hole T, Thron\u00e6s M, Kvangarsnes M. Nurses\u2019 experiences of compassionate care in the palliative pathway. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(23\u201324):4818\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.15528.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01332-6","volume":"20","author":"J Amann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amann J, Blasimme A, Vayena E, Frey D, Madai VI. Explainability for artificial intelligence in healthcare: a multidisciplinary perspective. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2020;20(1):310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01332-6.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00029-2","volume":"4","author":"S Reddy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reddy S. Explainability and artificial intelligence in medicine. Lancet Digit Health. 2022;4(4):e214\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00029-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2059_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100347","volume":"2","author":"N Norori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Norori N, Hu Q, Aellen FM, Faraci FD, Tzovara A. Addressing bias in big data and AI for health care: a call for open science. Patterns. 2021;2(10):100347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100347.","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1191\/0269216303pm751oa","volume":"17","author":"CY Tse","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tse CY, Chong A, Fok SY Breaking bad news: a Chinese perspective. Palliat Med. 2003;17(4):339\u201343. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0269216303pm751oa.","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2059_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-020-09979-6","volume":"17","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Min X The ethical dilemma of truth-telling in healthcare in China. Bioethical Inq. 2020;17(3):337\u201344. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11673-020-09979-6.","journal-title":"Bioethical Inq"},{"key":"2059_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263235242311985","DOI":"10.1177\/26323524231198546","volume":"17","author":"A Samuels","year":"2023","unstructured":"Samuels A, Lemos Dekker N. Palliative care practices and policies in diverse socio-cultural contexts: aims and framework of the ERC globalizing palliative care comparative ethnographic study. Palliat Care Soc Pract. 2023;17:26323524231198546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26323524231198546.","journal-title":"Palliat Care Soc Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-019-0404-y","volume":"18","author":"K Schill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schill K, Caxaj S. Cultural safety strategies for rural Indigenous palliative care: a scoping review. BMC Palliat Care. 2019;18(1):21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-019-0404-y.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2059_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-007-9106-y","volume":"11","author":"S Chattopadhyay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chattopadhyay S, Simon A East meets West: cross-cultural perspective in end-of-life decision making from Indian and German viewpoints. Med Health Care Philos. 2008;11(2):165\u201374. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-007-9106-y.","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659609340803","volume":"20","author":"MJ Johnstone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnstone MJ, Kanitsaki O. Ethics and advance care planning in a culturally diverse society. J Transcult Nurs. 2009;20(4):405\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1043659609340803.","journal-title":"J Transcult Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-019-0417-3","volume":"20","author":"C G\u00f3mez-V\u00edrseda","year":"2019","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-V\u00edrseda C, De Maeseneer Y, Gastmans C. Relational autonomy: what does it mean and how is it used in end-of-life care? A systematic review of argument-based ethics literature. BMC Med Ethics. 2019;20(1):76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-019-0417-3.","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2059_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/09697330231200570","volume":"31","author":"TD Le","year":"2024","unstructured":"Le TD, Lin SC, Huang MC, Fan SY, Kao CY. Factors impacting the demonstration of relational autonomy in medical decision-making: a meta-synthesis. Nurs Ethics. 2024;31(5):714\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09697330231200570.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2059_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-025-01706-5","volume":"24","author":"EA Osei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Osei EA, Aquah AA, Appiah S, Nasreen L, Oware J, Sarpong C, et al. Enhancing end-of-life care in Ghana: nurse strategies and practices in addressing patient needs. BMC Palliat Care. 2025;24(1):70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01706-5.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2059_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102395","volume":"73","author":"MP Cary","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cary MP, Grady SD, McMillian-Bohler J, Bessias S, Silcox C, Silva S, et al. Building competency in artificial intelligence and bias mitigation for nurse scientists and aligned health researchers. Nurs Outlook. 2025;73(3):102395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102395.","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"issue":"4","key":"2059_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E160","DOI":"10.1097\/NJH.0000000000001120","volume":"27","author":"T Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu T, Rose GM. Opportunities and barriers to artificial intelligence adoption in palliative\/hospice care for underrepresented groups: a technology acceptance model\u2013based review. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2025;27(4):E160\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NJH.0000000000001120.","journal-title":"J Hosp Palliat Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"2059_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-22-0373","volume":"12","author":"I Dankwa-Mullan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dankwa-Mullan I, Weeraratne D Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in cancer care: addressing disparities, bias, and data diversity. Cancer Discov. 2022;12(6):1423\u20137. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-22-0373.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"2059_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S495934","volume":"18","author":"O Jumreornvong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jumreornvong O, Perez A, Malave B, Mozawalla F, Kia A, Nwaneshiudu C. Biases in artificial intelligence application in pain medicine. J Pain Res. 2025;18:1021\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S495934.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Palliative Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12904-026-02059-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12904-026-02059-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12904-026-02059-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:47:09Z","timestamp":1778543229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12904-026-02059-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-026-02059-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-684X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-684X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study has been approved by Ethics Committee on Biomedical Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University [2024 Review (No.2360)]. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants before their participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}],"article-number":"132"}}